lect-22 Pulmonary ventilation

Question 1

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 1

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 2

what type of cartilage rings are in the trachea

Answer 2

incomplete cartilaginous rings

Question 3

where are the carina located and what are they sensitive to

Answer 3

inside trachea at point of branching of primary bronchi
sensitive to irruption
produces cough reflex

Question 4

what do the primary bronchi supply to

Answer 4

lungs

Question 5

what do the secondary bronchi supply

Answer 5

lobes

Question 6

what do the tertiary bronchi supply

Answer 6

lobules

Question 7

what type of cartilage is in bronchioles

Answer 7

NONE

Question 8

where is the first place in the respiratory tree that you can get gas exchange

Answer 8

respiratory branches of bronchioles

Question 9

what respiratory muscles are inspiratory

Answer 9

respiratory diaphragm
external intercostal muscles (limited)
sternomastoids
serratus anterior muscles
scalene muscles

Question 10

what muscles are form forceful expiration

Answer 10

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

Question 11

define total lung capacity

Answer 11

maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold

Question 12

define volumes

Answer 12

distinct, non-overlapping sub-compartments referred to as lung volumes

Question 13

define tidal volume

Answer 13

500 ml

volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest

Question 14

define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

3000 ml

volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration

Question 15

define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

1100ml

additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration

Question 16

define residual volume

Answer 16

1200 ml

volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

Question 17

define vital capacity

Answer 17

4600 ml
sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled
inspiration to the max extent plus expiration to the max extent

Question 18

define total lung capacity

Answer 18

5800 ml

the sum of all the volumes= vital capacity plus residual volume

Question 19

define inspiratory capacity

Answer 19

3500 ml

the sum of volumes above resting capacity= tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Question 20

define functional residual capacity

Answer 20

2300 ml

the sum of volumes below resting capacity= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 21

define minute ventilation

Answer 21

total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute

Question 22

define alveolar ventilation

Answer 22

total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute

Question 23

what is found in the anatomical dead space

Answer 23

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 24

what is found in the physiological dead space

Answer 24

anatomical dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion

Question 25

what is the total dead space in a normal person

Answer 25

0.15 liters

Question 26

what is the normal tidal volume

Answer 26

0.35 liters

Question 27

what does the amount of CO2 in regions of lungs involved in gas exchange equal

Answer 27

that of arterial blood

Question 28

define pleural pressure

Answer 28

pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

Question 29

define alveolar pressure

Answer 29

pressure of the air inside of the alveoli

Question 30

define transpulmonary pressure

Answer 30

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

Question 31

how is pleural pressure measured

Answer 31

measured in centimeters of water

Question 32

what is pleural pressure during inspiration and expiration

Answer 32

inspiration: -5 to -7.5 cm H2O
expiration: -7.5 to -5 cm H2O

Question 33

define compliance

Answer 33

the extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure

Question 34

what is normal compliance

Answer 34

200 ml air per cm of water

Question 35

define compliance in terms of the trachea

Answer 35

measure of the expansibility of the lungs and trachea

Question 36

what are the elastic forces of the lungs depicted in the compliance diagram

Answer 36

elastic forces of lung tissue

surface tension within the alveoli

Question 37

what happens when there is an absence of surface tension forces

Answer 37

ease with which lungs can be expanded

Question 38

define elastance

Answer 38

measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

Question 39

what are the most important components of surfactant

Answer 39

dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (a phospholipid)
surfactant apoproteins
calcium ions

Question 40

what produces surfactant

Answer 40

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 41

what happens if air passages leading from the alveoli are blocked, the surface tension in the alveoli collapses the alveoli?

Answer 41

positive pressure is created in the alveoli

Question 42

what happens to the pressure in the alveoli as the radius increases

Answer 42

pressure decreases