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physiology (Woods) > control of blood flow test 2 > Flashcards

control of blood flow test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain the vasodilator theory of acute control

A

increase metabolism leads to decreased oxygen availability which leads to the formation of vasodilators

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2
Q

explain the oxygen (nutrient) lack theory of acute control

A

decreased oxygen concentration leads to blood vessel relaxation which leads to vasodilation

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3
Q

what leads to the long-term control of local blood flow

A

increase in sizes/numbers of vessels

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4
Q

define vasomotion

A

cyclical opening and closing of pre capillary sphincters

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5
Q

what is the active reaction to hyperemia

A

when tissue becomes active, rate of blood flow increases

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6
Q

what does rapid increase in arterial pressure do to blood flow

A

increases blood flow

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7
Q

explain the metabolic theory of blood flow autoregulation

A

increase in blood flow leads to too much oxygen or nutrients which washes out vasodilators

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8
Q

explain the myogenic theory of blood flow autoregulation

A

stretching of vessels lead to reactive vasculature constriction

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9
Q

what neurotransmitters are involved in vasoconstriction

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin

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10
Q

what is the major function of vasopressin/ADH

A

to control body fluid volume

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11
Q

what is the function of angiotensin II

A

normally acts to increase total peripheral resistance

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12
Q

what neurotransmitters are involved in vasodilation

A

bradykinins and histamines

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13
Q

what does bradykinins do

A

causes both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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14
Q

what is histamine derived from

A

mast cells and basophils

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15
Q

what vessels does the sympathetic system not innervate

A

capillaries

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16
Q

what is the primary result of sympathetic regulation in blood flow

A

vasoconstriction

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17
Q

what is the vasoconstrictor area of the brain

A

anterolateral portions of upper medulla

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18
Q

what is the definition of vasomotor tone

A

partial state of contraction of blood vessels in the vasoconstrictor area of the brain

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19
Q

what is the vasodilator area of the brain

A

bilateral in the anterolateral portions of lower medulla

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20
Q

what is the sensory area of the vasomotor center

A

bilateral in tractus solitarius in posterolateral portion of medulla

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21
Q

what does the sensory area of the vasomotor center in the brian receive signals from

A

vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

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22
Q

what are the higher nervous centers of the vasomotor center in the brain

A

reticular substance (RAS)
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex

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23
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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24
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

carotid sinuses and aortic sinus

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25
Q

what pressure are carotid sinuses stimulated at

A

greater than 60 mm Hg

26
Q

what pressure are aortic sinuses stimulated at

A

greater than 30 mm Hg

27
Q

what signals come from baroreceptors

A

inhibit vasoconstrictor center
excite vasodilator center
signals cause either increase or decrease in arterial pressure
primary function is to reduce the minute-by-minute variation in arterial pressure

28
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

in carotid bodies in bifurcation of the common carotids and in aortic bodies

29
Q

what are chemosensitive cells sensitive to

A

lack of oxygen, carbon dioxide excess, and hydrogen ion excess

30
Q

what doe the signals from chemoreceptors pass through

A

Herring’s nerves and vagus nerves

31
Q

what do chemoreceptors play an important role in

A

respiratory control

32
Q

what does an increase in atrial stretch result in

A 
reflex dilation of kidney afferent arterioles
increase in heart rate
signals to hypothalamus
ANP
decrease sodium reabsorption
33
Q

define arterial pressure

A

cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

34
Q

what are common characteristics of primary hypertension

A

increased cardiac output, sympathetic nerve activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels
impairment of renal-pressure natriuresis mechanism
inadequate secretion of salt and water

35
Q

what are major factors of primary hypertension

A

weight gain and sedentary life style

36
Q

what are renal causes of hypertension

A 
chronic renal disease
renal artery stenosis
renin-producing tumors
acute glomerulonephritis
polycystic disease
renal vasculitis
37
Q

what are the endocrine causes of hypertension

A 
cushing syndrome
exogenous hormones
pheochromocytoma
acromegaly
hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism
pregnancy induced
38
Q

what are the cardiovascular causes of hypertension

A 
coarctation of the aorta
polyarteritis nodosa
increased intravascular volume
rigidity of the aorta
increased cardiac output
39
Q

what are the neurologic causes of hypertension

A

psychogenic
increased intracranial pressure
sleep apnea
acute stress

40
Q

what factors result in decreased peripheral resistance (vessel dilation) leading to decreased blood pressure

A

increased production of nitric oxide
increased release of prostacyclin and kinins
increase in ANP
decreased neural factors

41
Q

what factors result in decreased cardiac output leading to decreased blood pressure

A

decreased blood volume, heart rate, contractility

42
Q

what factors result in increased cardiac output leading to increased blood pressure

A

increased heart rate, contraction, and blood volume (aldosterone)

43
Q

what factors result in increased peripheral resistance leading to increased blood pressure

A

increased angiotensin II, catecholamines, thromboxane, neural factors

44
Q

what are the humoral vasoconstrictors

A

angiotensin II, catecholamines, endothelin

45
Q

what are humoral vasodilators

A

kinins, prostaglandins, nitric oxide

46
Q

what are the lethal effects of chronic hypertension

A

early heart failure and coronary artery disease
cerebral infarct
kidney failure

47
Q

what is the major characteristic of artherosclerosis

A

presence of lesions within the intima of the vessel wall that protrude into the vessel lumen

48
Q

what is C-reactive protein

A

CRP: major marker for inflammation (synthesized by liver, plays important role in opsonizing bacteria and activating complement)

49
Q

what are characteristics of metabolic syndrome

A

obesity, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia, increased lipid triglycerides, decreased HDL levels, hypertension

50
Q

where do lipoproteins accumulate

A

intima

51
Q

how are lipoproteins oxidized

A

by oxygen free radicals generated by macrophages or endothelial cells

52
Q

what ingests oxidized LDL

A

macrophages which become foam cells

53
Q

what does oxidized LDL stimulate the release of

A

growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines

54
Q

what is oxidized LDL toxic to

A

endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

55
Q

what controls the short term control of arterial pressure

A

via sympathetic nervous system effects on total peripheral vascular resistance and capacitance; cardiac pumping ability)

56
Q

what controls the long term control of arterial pressure

A

via multiple nervous and hormonal controls

via local controls in kidney that regulate: salt and water excretion

57
Q

what are the primary determinants of the long-term arterial pressure level

A

degree of pressure shift of the renal output curve for water/salt
level of water/salt intake

58
Q

define chronic hypertension

A

one;s mean arterial pressure is greater than the upper range of the accepted normal measure

59
Q

what are the lethal effects of chronic hypertension

A 
early heart failure
coronary heart disease
heart attack
cerebral infarct
destruction of areas of kidneys, leading to kidney failure, leading to uremia and eventually death
60
Q

when does one kidney goldblatt hypertension occur

A

when one kidney is removed and remaining renal artery is constricted

physiology (Woods) (18 decks)

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