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CATA 263 midterm > Lec.6 - Injury classification and stage of healing > Flashcards

Lec.6 - Injury classification and stage of healing Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal trauma - Macrotrauma

A

Large magnitude

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2
Q

Musculoskeletal trauma - Microtrauma

A

Small magnitude

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3
Q

Direction of force (5)

A 
Tensile
Compression
Shear
Torsion
Bending (combination)
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4
Q

Response to force - Elastic response

A

Tolerable load = load is removed and tissue goes back to original shape

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5
Q

Response to force - Yield load

A

Max amount of load before deformation occurs

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6
Q

Response to force - Failure

A

Does not return to normal shape

ex: fracture, strains, sprains

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7
Q

Magnitude of stress - Stress

A

Force divided by the area over which the force acts

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8
Q

Strength and stiffness of tissue - Acceptable strain tolerance

A
  • Load before failing
  • Deformation before failing
    Energy stored before failing
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9
Q

Strength and stiffness of tissue - Stiffness of tissue

A

Steeper slope = greater stiffness

Greater stiffness = less deformation

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10
Q

Fibrous joints (4)

A
  • synarthrosis
  • sutures
  • syndesmoses
  • gomphosis
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11
Q

Synovial joints (6)

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
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12
Q

Cartilaginous joints (2)

A
  • synchondrosis & symphyses
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13
Q

Main component of connective tissue

A

Collagen, elastin, reticulin and ground substance

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14
Q

Role of connective tissue

A

Joins structures together

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15
Q

Role of collagen

A

Gives strength to tissue

Most numerous protein in the body

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16
Q

Role of elastin

A

Stretch property + ability to return to its original shape

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17
Q

Role of ground substance

A

Protein chains that give substance to structure (cement like a foundation) + hold water

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18
Q

Closed Soft tissue injuries

A 
Muscle/tendon
- strains
- tendinopathy
- contusions
Joint injury 
- sprains 
- dislocations/subluxations
- articular cartilage damage
- bursitis
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19
Q

Contusions

A

Direct compressive force created by external blow

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20
Q

Complications of contusions (3)

A

Acute compartment syndrome, active bleeding, large hematomas

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21
Q

Classification of contusions - First degree

A

Superficial tissues are crushed
Mild if any weakness
Mild loss of function
No restriction in ROM

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22
Q

Classification of contusions - Second degree

A

Superficial and some deep tissues are crushed
Mild to moderate weakness
Moderate loss of function
Decreased in ROM

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23
Q

Classification of contusions - Third degree

A

Deeper tissues are crushed
Moderate to severe weakness
Severe loss of function
Significantly decreased because of swelling

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24
Q

Muscles strains

A

Caused by a stretch induced by a large contraction (eccentric)

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25
Q

S/s of muscle strains

A
  • Acute MOI - overstretch or overload
  • Pain located over injury site
  • Discolorations
  • Muscle weakness and ROM limitations
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26
Q

Classification of strains - First degree

A 
Few fibers of muscle are torn
Mild weakness
Mild muscle spasm
Mild loss of function
Mild swelling
No palpable effect
Mild pain on contraction
Pain with stretching 
Decreased in ROM
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27
Q

Classification of strains - Second degree

A 
Nearly half of muscle fibers are torn
Moderate to severe weakness
Moderate to severe weakness
Moderate to severe muscle spasm
Moderate to severe loss of function
Moderate to severe swelling
No palpable effect
Moderate to severe pain on contraction
Pain with stretching
Decreased in ROM
28
Q

Classification of strains - Third degree

A 
All fibers are torn (rupture)
Moderate to severe weakness
Moderate to severe muscle spasm
Severe loss of function
Moderate to severe swelling
Palpable effect 
None to mild pain on contraction
No pain on stretching
ROM may increase or decrease depending on swelling
29
Q

Ligament sprains

A

Acute traumatic injuries to ligaments (placed in extreme ROM in which ligament supports)

30
Q

S/S of ligament sprains

A 
Discomfort over ligament
Swelling
Loss of function
Increased laxity
Pain with stretching
Muscle weakness
No contraction pain in theory (real life yes!)
31
Q

Classification of sprains - First degree

A 
Few fibers of ligament are torn
Less than 5mm distraction
Mild weakness
No muscle spasm
Mild loss of function
Mild swelling
No pain on contraction
Pain in stretching
Decrease in ROM
32
Q

Classification of sprains - Second degree

A 
Nearly half of fibers are torn
5-10 mm distraction
Mild to moderate weakness
None to minor muscle spasm
Moderate to severe loss of function
Moderate swelling
No pain on contraction
Pain with stretching
Decrease ROM
33
Q

Classification of sprains - Third degree

A 
All ligaments fibers are torn (rupture)
More than 10 mm distraction 
Mild to moderate weakness
None to minor muscle spasm
Severe loss of function
Moderate to severe swelling
No pain on contraction
No pain in stretching
ROM may increase or decrease
34
Q

Dislocation/subluxation

A

Bones are forced beyond normal limits

35
Q

Bursitis

A

Irritation of the bursa

36
Q

S/S of bursitis

A

Localized swelling
Point tender
Warm to touch

37
Q

Tendinopathy (MOI)

A

Chronic onset - overuse or by repetitive overstretching or overload

38
Q

S/S of tendinopathy

A 
Pain
Swelling
Crepitus
Pain at extremes of motions
Pain increases during stretching and RROM
Strength decreases with pain
39
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon (common in hands and feet)

40
Q

Acute tenosynovitis

A

Grating sound (crepitus) with movement, inflammation and swelling

41
Q

Chronic tenosynovitis

A

Nodule formation in the tendon sheath

42
Q

Long term tendinopathy can lead to_____

A

Accumulation of mineral deposits in the bone (myositis ossificans)

43
Q

Stages of overuse injuries (4)

A

Stage 1 = pain after activity only
Stage 2 = pain during activity that does not restrict performance
Stage 3 = pain during activity that restricts performance
Stage 4 = Chronic, unremitting pain even at rest

44
Q

Causes of overuse injuries

A

Intrinsic factors

Extrinsic factors

45
Q

Overuse injuries - intrinsic factors (2)

A

Muscle imbalances

Malalignment of limbs

46
Q

Overuse injuries - extrinsic factors (4)

A

Training errors - too fast too soon
Faulty technique
Incorrect surfaces and equipment
Poor environmental conditions

47
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degeneration of articular cartilage in a joint

48
Q

S/S and cause of osteoarthritis

A

Pain and limited movement

Cause : stresses obtained during PA, joint trauma, aging process

49
Q

Muscle cramps

A

Painful involuntary contractions of muscles
Often exercise induced
Exact cause unknown

50
Q

Muscle spasms

A

Involuntary contraction of short duration caused by a reflex action that can be biochemically derived or initiated by a mechanical blow to a nerve or muscle

51
Q

Injury types (2)

A

Primary injury

Secondary injury

52
Q

Cause of primary injury

A

Particular event

External causes vs internal causes

53
Q

Cause of secondary injury

A

Complications after the primary injury occurs

Hypoxia and ischemia

54
Q

3 separates phases of soft tissue healing

A

Inflammatory
Proliferative
Maturation

55
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Day 0-6
Inflammatory response is GOOD (need to control it)
SHARP

56
Q

S/S of inflammatory phase

A 
Rubor (redness)
Calor (local heat)
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Function laesa (loss of function)
57
Q

Inflammatory phase part 1 - goal

A

Stop blood loss from the wound = local vasoconstriction

58
Q

Inflammatory phase part 1 - effect

A 
Reduction of blood volume = increased blood viscosity
Platelet reaction = clotting as cells form mechanical plug
59
Q

Inflammatory phase part 2 - goal

A

Vasodilatation due to histamine and bradykinin

60
Q

Inflammatory phase part 2 - effect

A 
Phagocytosis
Release of chemical mediators 
- increase blood vessel wall permeability
- promotes vasodilatation
- PAIN!
61
Q

Proliferative phase

A 
Days 3-21
Repair and regeneration of the injured tissues
Development of
- new blood vessels
- fibrous tissue formation
- generation of new epithetical tissue
- wound contractions
62
Q

Name of the process of new vessel formation

A

Angiogenesis

63
Q

Maturation phase

A

Up to 1 year
Maturation of newly formed scar tissue
Alignment of fibers along muscle fibers to regain mobility and strength

64
Q

Nerve injuries

A

Do not heal as fast as soft tissues or bones

65
Q

Nerves healing rate

A

less than 1 mm per day or 2.5mm per month

66
Q

Most common nerve injuries

A

Tensile and compression injuries

CATA 263 midterm (7 decks)

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