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ZOOA1 - Assessment 1 > LEC4A. Cells > Flashcards

LEC4A. Cells Flashcards

1
Q

the cell is the basic unit of structure & function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes

it is the simplest collection of matter that can live

A

Cell

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2
Q

Father of Microscopy

A

Anton van Leeuwenhook (1632)

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3
Q

Who invented lens

A

Zaccharias & Hans Janssen (1590)

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4
Q

He discovered cells (Micrographia)

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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5
Q

German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory

“All plants are made of cells.”

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1839)

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6
Q

a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory

“All animals are made of cells.”

A

Theodor Schwann (1839)

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7
Q

a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory

proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter.

A

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

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8
Q

Classic Cell Theory (3)

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

Modern Cell Theory (6)

A
  1. Cells make up all life.
  2. Cells are functional and structural units.
  3. Cells are formed by division.
  4. Cells contain hereditary information.
  5. Cells are chemically the same
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells
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10
Q

Cell Wall Functions

A
  1. protects the plant cells,
  2. maintain its shape &
  3. prevents excessive uptake of water
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11
Q

Present both in plant and animal cell

Covers and protect the cell
Facilitate substance transport
Maintain the shape of the cell

A

Cell Membrane

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12
Q

Present both in plant and animal cell

Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

A

Protoplasm

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13
Q

Information or Control Center of the cell

Houses the genetic information

A

NUCLEUS

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14
Q

2 parts of nucleus

A
  1. Nuclear Envelope -2 layers with pore complexes
  2. Chromosomes – discrete unit of DNA
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15
Q

Biosynthetic Highway

Transports protein to other parts of the cell

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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16
Q

2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  1. Smooth ER – synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison
  2. Rough ER – make secretory protein, membrane factory &
    synthesize phospholipid
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17
Q

Shipping & Receiving Center

Modifies & packages proteins

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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18
Q

Powerhouse

For cellular respiration that produces ATP

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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19
Q

Protein Factory

Synthesizes proteins

A

RIBOSOMES

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20
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A
  1. Free Ribosomes – suspended in the cytoplasm
  2. Bound Ribosomes – attached to ER & n. envelope
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21
Q

Digestive Compartment

Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn out organelles
a. Autodigestion – cell destruction
b. Phagocytosis –phagein (to eat) & kytos (vessel)
c. Autophagy – cell repair

A

LYSOSOMES

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22
Q

Oxidation
Converts fatty acids to smaller substances & produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

A

PEROXISOME

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23
Q

Responsible for cell motility, maintain shape, gives support and regulate biochemical activities

A

CYTOSKELETON

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24
Q

3 types of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate Filament
  3. Microfilament
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25
Q

Capture Light Energy

Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, that captures light necessary for photosynthesis

A

CHLOROPLASTS

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26
Q

Green pigment in plants

A
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27
Q

Contents of Chloroplasts

A
  1. thylakoids → membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
  2. granum → stacks of thylakoid
  3. stroma → fluid outside the thylakoids
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28
Q

Diverse Membrane Compartment

Holds organic and inorganic compounds

A

VACUOLES

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29
Q

3 Types of vacuoles

A
  1. Food vacuoles → formed by phagocytosis
  2. Contractile vacuoles → pumps excess water out of the cell
  3. Central vacuoles (Plant Cells only) → its membrane is selective in transporting solutes
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30
Q

Essential for the proper functioning of cells and tissues. They help to maintain the integrity of the tissues, to anchor the cells together, and to allow the cells to communicate with each other.

A

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS

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31
Q

4 Types of Intercellular functions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap junctions
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32
Q

2 types of cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic cells
  2. Eukaryotic cells
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33
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
  2. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
  3. Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
  4. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is circular, while the DNA in eukaryotic cells is linear.
  5. Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome, while eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes.
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34
Q

In prokaryotes, these are DNA molecules containing the organism’s genome.

In eukaryotes, these are DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence.

A

Chromosomes

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35
Q

two main sections of a chromosome

A

Arm

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36
Q

two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.

A

Sister chromatids

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37
Q

constricted region of the chromosome that joins the two sister chromatids together.

A

Centromere

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38
Q

protein complex that helps to keep the two sister chromatids together.

A

Cohesin

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39
Q

4 Locations of Centromere

A
  1. Metacentric Chromosomes
  2. Submetacentric Chromosomes
  3. Acrocentric Chromosomes
  4. Telocentric Chromosomes
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40
Q

It has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are EQUAL LENGTH

A

Metacentric Chromosomes

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41
Q

It has a centromere SLIGHTLY OFFSET from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections

A

Submetacentric Chromosomes

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42
Q

It has a centromere which is SEVERELY OFFSET from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

A

Acrocentric Chromosomes

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43
Q

It has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

A

Telocentric Chromosomes

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44
Q

The Cell Cycle (4)

A
  1. G1 Phase (first gap)
  2. S Phase (synthesis)
  3. G2 Phase (2nd gap)
  4. M Phase (mitosis)
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45
Q

The time it takes for a cell to complete one cycle of growth and division. How many hours is cell growth?

A

4-6 hours

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46
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated in how many hours?

A

10-12 hours

47
Q

How many hours cell growth occurs in preparation for cell division?

48
Q

Division of nucleus to form 2 genetically identical daughter nucleus with diploid number of chromosomes

49
Q

The Key Roles of Cell Division (3)

A
  1. For unicellular organisms’ reproduction = binary fission
  2. For multicellular organisms to grow & develop
  3. For cell renewal and repair
50
Q

__________ is the longest phase of the cell cycle, and it is divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2.

A

Interphase

51
Q

What happens during Interphase? (4)

A
  1. Centrioles duplicate
  2. Nuclear envelope is intact
  3. Nucleus still present
  4. Chromosomes duplicate
52
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
53
Q

First phase of mitosis. Chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, formation of the mitotic spindle

54
Q
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form mitotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense & form sister chromatids
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
55
Q
  1. Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore
  2. Nuclear envelope is absent
  3. Sister chromatids align at metaphase plate
  4. Centrioles at opposite poles
56
Q
  1. Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles
  2. Cohesion dissolved causing sister chromatids to part
57
Q
  1. Nucleolus reforming
  2. Cytokinesis
  3. Nuclear envelope starts to form
  4. Chromosomes less dense
58
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

59
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

60
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

61
Q

Division of the nucleus to form 4 genetically unidentical daughter nucleus with haploid number of chromosomes

62
Q

Separates homologous chromosomes

63
Q

Separates sister chromatids

A

Meiosis II

64
Q

__________ is the first and longest stage of meiosis

A

Prophase 1

65
Q

Sub-stages of Meiosis (5)

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachytene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis
66
Q
A
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
67
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

68
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

69
Q

Chromosomes appeared w/in the nuclear envelope but are NOT yet fully condensed.

The chromosomes start to condense and become visible.

70
Q

Synapsis occurs wherein homologs begin to unite by coming into approximate alignment. Once the homolog pairs synapse they are called tetrads (Gk. Tetra = four) or bivalents.

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form synaptonemal complexes.

71
Q

2 sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other making them look thicker. Crossing-over occurs wherein non-sister chromatids exchange DNA between them.

Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

72
Q

Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the movement of the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.

The synaptonemal complexes break down, but the homologous chromosomes remain attached at chiasmata.

73
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

73
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

74
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

75
Q
A
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
75
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

76
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

77
Q

Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the movement of the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.

The synaptonemal complexes break down, but the homologous chromosomes remain attached at chiasmata.

78
Q

The point of contact between two homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

A

chiasma (plural chiasmata)

79
Q

The chromosomes continue to condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

A

Diakinesis

80
Q
  1. Centrioles at opposite poles
  2. Nuclear envelope is absent
  3. Homologs align at metaphase plate
  4. Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore
A

METAPHASE 1 & 2

81
Q
  1. Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles
  2. Synaptonemal complex dissolved causing homologs to part
A

ANAPHASE 1 & 2

82
Q
  1. Nucleolus reforming
  2. Nuclear envelope starts to form
  3. Cytokinesis begins
  4. Chromosomes less dense
A

TELOPHASE 1 & 2

84
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

85
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

86
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

87
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

87
Q

What happens during PROPHASE 1? (4)

A
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
87
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

88
Q

division of the nucleus

A

karyokinesis

89
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

90
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

90
Q

What happens during PROPHASE 1? (4)

A
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
90
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

90
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

90
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

90
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

91
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

91
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

91
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

92
Q
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
A

PROPHASE 1 & 2

92
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

92
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

93
Q

__________ is the process by which haploid spermatozoa (sperm cells) develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

A

Spermatogenesis

94
Q

__________ is the process by which haploid ova (egg cells) develop from oogonia in the ovaries of female mammals.

95
Q

Three Events Unique to Meiosis

A
  1. Synapsis & Crossing Over
  2. Homologs on the Metaphase Plate
  3. Separation of Homologs
96
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, mitotic spindle is fully formed

97
Q

Centromeres of the chromosomes split, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

97
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides

98
Q
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  2. Nucleolus absent
  3. Chromosomes condense. Synapsis occurs. Crossing-Over occurs
  4. Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
A

PROPHASE 1 & 2

98
Q

Formation of homologous chromosomes (homologs)

99
Q

Exchange of DNA Segments among homologs

A

Crossing-Over

ZOOA1 - Assessment 1 (13 decks)

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