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ZOOA1 - Assessment 1 > LEC3. Chemical Composition of a Living Matters > Flashcards

LEC3. Chemical Composition of a Living Matters Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is anything that takes up space and has mass.

A

Matter

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2
Q

Matter is made up of __________, substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

A

Elements

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3
Q

__________ is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

A

Compound

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4
Q

4 Elements making up about 96% of human body weight:

A
  1. Oxygen (65.0)
  2. Carbon (18.5)
  3. Hydrogen (9.5)
  4. Nitrogen (3.3)
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5
Q

7 Elements making up about 4% of human body weight:

A
  1. Calcium (1.5)
  2. Phosphorous (1.0)
  3. Potassium (0.4)
  4. Sulfur (0.3)
  5. Sodium (0.2)
  6. Chlorine (0.2)
  7. Magnesium (0.1)
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6
Q

__________ are those required by an organism in only minute quantities

A

Trace elements

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7
Q

Trace elements that make up <0.01%:

A

boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

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8
Q

Greek philosopher who lived in the 5th century BC. He is considered to be one of the founders of the atomic theory of matter.

A

Democritus

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9
Q

All matter was made up of tiny, indivisible particles called __________. These are the smallest units of matter that can exist alone.

A

Atoms

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10
Q

The word atom is from the Greek word meaning __________.

A

Uncuttable

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11
Q

Atoms are constructed of three major subatomic particles:

A
  1. Neutrons
  2. Protons
  3. Electrons
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12
Q

__________ are heavy subatomic particles that do not have a charge; it is located in the central core of each atom.

A

Neutrons

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13
Q

__________ are heavy subatomic particle that has a positive charge; it is located in the atomic nucleus.

A

Protons

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14
Q

__________ are light subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge that moves about outside the atomic nucleus in regions known as energy levels.

A

Electrons

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15
Q

The ___________ of an element is the number of protons in an atom of that element.

A

atomic number

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16
Q

__________ is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Mass number

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17
Q

All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have
more neutrons than another atoms of the same element and therefore have greater
mass. These different atomic forms are called __________ of the element.

A

isotopes

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18
Q

__________ is an essential molecule for life on Earth. It is the most abundant molecule on Earth.

A

Water

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19
Q

Most cells are about how much water?

A

70-95%

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20
Q

The water molecule is shaped something like a wide V, with its two hydrogen atoms joined to the oxygen atom by __________.

A

single covalent bonds

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21
Q

The water molecule is a __________ because the two ends have opposite charges: the oxygen region has a partial negative charge (δ-) & the hydrogens have a partial positive charge (δ+)

A

polar molecule

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22
Q

Two water molecules are held together by a __________

A

hydrogen bond

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23
Q

4 Properties of Water:

A
  1. Cohesive Behavior
  2. Ability to Moderate Temperature
  3. Expansion upon Freezing
  4. Versatility as Solvent
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24
Q

__________ is a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

Surface Tension

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25
Q

__________ is the force that holds water molecules together. It is caused by the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds, but they are very important for the structure and properties of water.

A

Cohesion

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26
Q

__________ is the force that holds water molecules to other surfaces. It is also caused by the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and the surface.

A

Adhesion

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27
Q

Water’s specific heat is __________

A

1cal/gm/0C

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28
Q

__________ is the process of cooling a surface by the evaporation of a liquid. It is a common method of cooling in hot climates, and it is also used in some industrial processes.

A

Evaporative cooling

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29
Q

__________ (vaporization) is the transformation from a liquid to gas

A

Evaporation

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30
Q

While other materials contract when they solidify, water expands

A

Expansion upon Freezing

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31
Q

Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

A

Cohesive Behavior

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32
Q

__________ is a liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

A

Solution

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33
Q

__________ is the dissolving agent of a solution

A

Solvent

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34
Q

__________ is the substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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35
Q

__________ is one in which water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

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36
Q

Any substances that has an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic substances

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37
Q

Any substances that do not have affinity for water because they are non-ionic & nonpolar that seem to repel water

A

Hydrophobic substances

38
Q

A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

A

Colloid

39
Q

It is a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentrates of a solution & removes hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution

A

Acids

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Water is a universal solvent

A

True

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The lower the pH level, the stronger the acid is

A

True

42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cola and HCl have the same pH

A

True

43
Q

It is a substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution & increases OH- in a solution

A

Base

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an example of a strong acid

A

True

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a strong base

A

True

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The higher the pH level, the stronger the base is

A

True

47
Q

The pH of human blood is very close to 7.4, which is slightly basic. A person cannot survive for more than a few minutes if the blood pH drops to 7 or rises to 7.8

A

Neutral pH

48
Q

A chemical system exists in the blood that maintains a stable pH called the __________

Are substances that minimize the changes in the concentration of H+ & OH- in a
solution

A

buffering system

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an example of a strong acid

A

True

49
Q

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

They are often found in nature as crystals of various sizes & shapes

A

Salts

49
Q

__________ are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the most abundant type of molecule in living organisms, and they play a vital role in many biological processes.

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

Simplest carbohydrates; also known as single sugars

A

Monosaccharides

51
Q

Monosaccharides Greek monos = single; sacchar = sugar

A
52
Q

the most common monosaccharides

A

Glucose

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an example of a strong acid

A

True

53
Q

Classification of monosaccharides depending on the Location of the carbonyl (C=O) group

A
  1. Aldose → aldehyde sugars
  2. Ketoses → ketone sugars
53
Q

Classification of monosaccharides depending on the Length of their carbon skeletons

A
  • Trioses → are 3-carbon sugars
  • Pentoses → are 5-carbon sugars
  • Hexoses → are 6-carbon sugars
54
Q

Are double sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a
covalent bond formed between 2 monossacharides by a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharides

55
Q

Examples of disaccharides:

A

Maltose →
Sucrose → glucose + fructose
Lactose → glucose + galactose

56
Q

Are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Polysaccharides

57
Q

2 Types of Polysaccharides:

A
  1. Storage Polysaccharides
  2. Structural Polysaccharides
58
Q

Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts

A

Starch

59
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly on liver & muscle cells

A

Glycogen

60
Q

A major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

A

Cellulose

61
Q

The carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons

A

Chitin

62
Q

Compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix
with water

A

Lipids

63
Q

3 Forms of lipids

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
64
Q

Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

A

Fats

65
Q

2 types of fats

A
  1. Saturated Fat
  2. Unsaturated Fat
66
Q

3 Functions of fats

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Cushions vital organs
  3. Insulates the body
67
Q

Many hormones are steroids produced from __________

A

cholesterol

68
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized in the ___________

A

liver

69
Q

2 structure of phospholipids

A
  1. Hydrophilic head
  2. Hydrophobic tails
70
Q

___________ biomolecules that are essential to all known forms of life

A

Nucleic Acids

71
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A
  1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
72
Q

___________ is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

A

DNA

73
Q

Consist of a single polynucleotide chain

A

RNA

74
Q

The sugar connected to the nitrogenous bases in the nucleotide of RNA

A

Ribose

75
Q

The sugar connected to the nitrogenous bases in the nucleotide of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

76
Q

The bonds that connect the pyrimidine family and the purine family

A

hydrogen bonds

77
Q

type of covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together

A

Glycosidic bond

78
Q

type of covalent bond that is found in nucleic acids. Iis what holds the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids together.

A

phosphodiester bond

79
Q

Protein came from Greek word proteios meaning __________

A

“first place”

80
Q

Proteins – Regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymatic Proteins

81
Q

Proteins – play a role in structural support

Ex.: cocoons & webs, collagen & elastin, keratin

A

Structural Proteins

82
Q

Proteins – storage of amino acids

Ex.: ovalbumin, casein, seeds

A

Storage Proteins

83
Q

Proteins – transport of other substances

Ex.: hemoglobin

A

Transport Proteins

83
Q

Proteins -– coordnation of an organisms’ activities

Ex.: insulin

A

Hormonal Proteins

84
Q

Proteins –- response of cell to chemical stimuli

Ex.: receptors build into the membrane of nerve cell

A

Receptor Proteins

85
Q

Proteins -– for movement

Ex.: actin & myosin, cilia & flagella

A

Contractile/ Motor Protein

86
Q

Proteins -–protections against diseases

Ex.: antibodies

A

Defensive Proteins

87
Q

Proteins in the milk

A

casein

ZOOA1 - Assessment 1 (13 decks)

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