LEC2. Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization Flashcards
__________ is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world
Taxonomy
Give 3 reasons why we classify things?
- Organize
- Categorize
- Order
Swedish biologist who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.
He developed a Hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the Basis for Modern Taxonomy.
For this reason, he is considered to be “father” of modern taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus
__________ is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.
Nomenclature
__________ is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
Binomial nomenclature
The FIRST word of the Scientific Name. It refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs.
Genus name
The SECOND word of the Scientific Name. It is usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism.
Species identifier
Names were based on __________ words - scientist everywhere understood these languages.
Latin or Ancient Greek words
Rules for Writing Scientific Names
- The FIRST word of the Scientific Name is the name of the genus to which the organism belongs. The SECOND word of the name is the species.
- When we use the Latin name for an organism, we ALWAYS capitalize the
Genus (first part) but NOT the species identifier (second part). - We also print the name in Italics or Underline them when handwritten.
- For identifying several species, spp is witten but not italicized: Canis spp.
- Genus and species are underlined separately
Organisms were first classified more than 2,000 years ago by the Greek philosopher __________
Aristotle
Aristotle’s 3 groups of organisms:
- land dwellers
- water dwellers
- air dwellers
True or False:
Aristotle’s classification of plants has three categories based on the differences in their stems.
TRUE
Aristotle divided plants into three categories based on the differences in their stems: trees, shrubs, and herbs.
As new organism’s were discovered, Aristotle’s system became inadequate because of:
- Categories were not specific enough.
- Common names did not describe a species accurately.
- Names were long and hard to remember.
__________ is a system that organizes the tremendous diversity of organisms into a phylogenetic tree.
It represents a hypothesis that is based on lines of evidences such as the fossil record, morphology, embryological patterns of development, and chromosomes and macromolecules
Systematics
__________ is a family tree that’s shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms.
Phylogenetic tree
(4) The construction of phylogenetic trees involves the analysis of various lines of evidence, which include:
- Fossil Record
- Morphology
- Embryological Patterns of Development
- Chromosomes and macromolecules
The __________ often provides clues to evolutionary relationships
It cannot be read like a story book because some __________ are incomplete
Systematic taxonomists consider other evidence to confirm information contained within the __________ with other lines of evidence.
Fossil Record
TRUE OR FALSE
The fossil record often provides clues to evolutionary relationships.
True. The fossil record is a record of past life, and it can be used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms.
TRUE OR FALSE
The fossil record is a complete record of all life that has ever existed.
False. The fossil record is incomplete, and it is likely that many organisms have never been fossilized.
TRUE OR FALSE
Systematic taxonomists can use the fossil record to infer the exact evolutionary relationships between organisms.
False. The fossil record is often incomplete, and it can be difficult to interpret. This means that systematic taxonomists cannot always infer the exact evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Taxonomists use __________, the study of the physical form and structure of organisms, to classify and identify organisms
Morphology
__________ are structures that share a common origin. It can provide clues about the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Homologous features
__________ are structures that have similar functions but have different origins.
Analogous features
TRUE OR FALSE
Taxonomists study an organism’s morphology and compare it to other living organisms.
True. Morphology is the study of the physical form and structure of organisms. Taxonomists use morphology to classify and identify organisms.
TRUE OR FALSE
Homologous features are important but it is important to separate features that are truly homologous with those that seem homologous but are actually analogous.
True. Homologous features are structures that share a common origin, while analogous features are structures that have similar functions but have different origins. It is important to be able to distinguish between homologous and analogous features in order to make accurate inferences about evolutionary relationships.
TRUE OR FALSE
The more analogous features two organisms share, the more closely related they are thought to be.
False. The more analogous features two organisms share, the less closely related they are thought to be. This is because analogous features are not inherited from a common ancestor.
__________ are the similarities in the way that embryos of different organisms develop. They can be used to identify shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.
Embryological Patterns of Develepoment
TRUE OR FALSE
Early pattern in embryological development do not provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships.
False. The early stages of development of embryos of different species are often very similar. This suggests that all living things share a common ancestor. However, there are also some important differences in early development, which can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. For example, the embryos of birds and mammals have different patterns of blood vessels, which suggests that they diverged from a common ancestor early in their evolutionary history.
TRUE OR FALSE
Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins as a kind of “molecular clock”.
True. Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins to infer evolutionary relationships. The more similar the macromolecules, chromosomes, and karyotypes of two species, the more closely related they are thought to be. This is because these molecules, chromosomes, and karyotypes are inherited from a common ancestor.
TRUE OR FALSE
Scientists do not compare amino acid sequences for homologous protein molecules of different species.
False. Scientists compare amino acid sequences for homologous protein molecules of different species. The more similar the amino acid sequences, the more closely related the species are thought to be. This is because homologous proteins are descended from a common ancestor.
TRUE OR FALSE
The number of amino acid differences is not a clue to how long ago two species diverged from a shared evolutionary ancestor.
True. The number of amino acid differences can be used to estimate how long ago two species diverged from a shared evolutionary ancestor. However, it is important to note that there are other factors that can also affect the number of amino acid differences between two species, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
TRUE OR FALSE
Biologists do not also compare the karyotypes or patterns of chromosomes of two related species.
False. Biologists also compare the karyotypes or patterns of chromosomes of two related species. The more similar the karyotypes, the more closely related the species are thought to be. This is because chromosomes are inherited from a common ancestor.
