Lec3

Question 1

designed to generate data concerning the adverse effects of a substance on human or animal health, or the environment.

Answer 1

Toxicity testing

Question 2

Tests are performed by exposing animals to low doses of chemicals
T/F?

Answer 2

F, very high doses

Question 3

Why Using animals in experiments is critical ?

Answer 3

because such complexity cannot be duplicated in cell culture or in nonliving systems.

Question 4

List the domains of animal Care?

Answer 4

(1) nutrition.
(2) environment.
(3) health.
(4) behaviour.
(5) mental state

Question 5

consideration when using any animal is the desire to balance?

Answer 5

• the acquisition of data
• with the pain and suffering of the test
organisms.

Question 6

Why it is necessary to use the organism in the laboratory as a test organism?

Answer 6

Because to protect the wild populations.

Question 7

Example can be used instead of whole animal study:

Answer 7

➢ Tissues in laboratory culture.
➢ microorganisms.
➢ and lower invertebrates.

Question 8

protocols of standard methods are available from?

Answer 8

(USEPA)
(NTP)
(OECD)
(ASTM)

Question 9

Uniformity and comparability of test results it’s a Disadvantages of Standard Methods.
T/F?

Answer 9

F, Advantages of Standard Methods

Question 10

Classification of Toxicity Tests:

Answer 10

● basis of the test duration relative to the life span of the organism.
● number of species.
● type of test organisms.
● complexity of the biological community.

Question 11

cover a relatively short period of an organism’s life span.

Answer 11

Acute toxicity tests

Question 12

Vertebrates with generally less life spans undergo an even smaller portion of their life during these toxicity tests.
T/F?

Answer 12

F, longer life spans

Question 13

• Duration: longer life span test-organisms takes significant proportion of their life.
• may last over one or more generations.
  Which test?

Answer 13

chronic tests

Question 14

Reproductive tests must include:

Answer 14

• gestational period for females
• significant portion of the time for spermatogenesis for males.

Question 15

commonly thought of as creatures of the laboratory.

Answer 15

Microcosms

Question 16

generally large enough to be able to look at structural and functional dynamics that are generally thought of as ecosystem level.

Answer 16

Mesocosms

Question 17

Mesocosms are generally small enough to be able to look at structural and functional dynamics that are generally thought of as ecosystem level.
T/F?

Answer 17

F, large enough to be able to look at structural ….

Question 18

Having data from one laboratory increase the inter laboratory error that is often a part of toxicity testing.
T/F?

Answer 18

F, reduces the inter laboratory errors.

Question 19

Microcosms have the characteristics of natural ecological structures.
T/F?

Answer 19

F, do not have some of the characteristics.

Question 20

one of the first test vehicles developed for the evaluation of xenobiotics on an agroecosystem with its accompanying plants, soil invertebrates, and microbial processes.

Answer 20

soil-core microcosm (SCM)

Question 21

hybrid methodology with cores derived from an outdoor environment brought into a laboratory setting to more accurately control the environmental variables.

Answer 21

SCM

Question 22

Why the intrinsic heterogeneity of the
terrestrial ecosystem is preserved, although
successional changes can occur?

Answer 22

due to the small size of the experimental unit.