Lec Module 5-6 Flashcards
A comprehensive range of health services is provided, appropriate to the needs of the target population, including preventative, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services and health promotion activities.
Comprehensiveness
Services are directly and permanently accessible with no undue barriers of cost, language, culture, or geography. Health services are close to the people, with a routine point of entry to the service network at primary care level (not at the specialist or hospital level).
Accessibility
Service delivery is designed so that all people in a defined target population are covered, i.e. the sick and the healthy, all income groups and all social groups.
Coverage
Service delivery is organized to provide an individual with continuity of care across the network of services, health conditions, levels of care, and over the life-cycle.
Continuity
Health services are of high quality, i.e. they are effective, safe, centred on the patient’s needs and given in a timely fashion.
Quality
Services are organized around the person, not the disease or the financing. Users perceive health services to be responsive and acceptable to them. There is participation from the target population in service delivery design and assessment. People are partners in their own health care.
Person-Centered
Local area health service networks are actively coordinated, across types of provider, types of care, levels of service delivery, and for both routine and emergency preparedness. The patient’s primary care provider facilitates the route through the needed services, and works in collaboration with other levels and types of provider. Coordination also takes place with other sectors (e.g. social services) and partners (e.g. community organizations).
Coordination
Health services are well managed so as to achieve the core elements described above with a minimum wastage of resources. Managers are allocated the necessary authority to achieve planned objectives and held accountable for overall performance and results. Assessment includes appropriate mechanisms for the participation of the target population and civil society.
Accountability and Efficiency
approximately how many women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth
800
Roles of Healthcare Workers in Maternal Care and Child Care
- Prenatal care
- Screening in infancy, childhood and adolescence *
- Encouragement of breastfeeding
- Immunization
- Prevention of childhood diseases
main factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth
Poverty
Distance to facilities
Lack of information
Inadequate and poor quality services
Cultural beliefs and practices
Common Laboratory Tests for Pregnant Women
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Blood type with Rh Typing
VDRL/RPR
Hepatitis B
HIV
OGTT
Urinalysis
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), phenylketonuria (PKU), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, galactosemia (GAL) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).
Newborn Screening (NBS)
include 22 more disorders such as hemoglobinopathies and additional metabolic disorders, namely, organic acid, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid disorders. The latter are included in the standard care across the globe.
Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)
check table M5 L2
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- Commonly called “The pills”
- Contains two hormones - Estrogen and Progesterone
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)
Combined Oral Contraceptives
- Commonly called “Mini pills”
- Progesterone only
- Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation
Progesterone Pills
- Contains Progesterone
- Small, flexible rods or capsule placed under the skin of the upper arm or injected to muscle of the skin every two to three months
- Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation
Implants and Injectables
- Hormones directly applied to skin
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries
Patch and Combined Contraceptive Ring
- A plastic device containing copper inserted into the uterus
- The copper component damages the sperm
Intrauterine Device Copper (IUD)
- Sheath or covering that fits the penis and vagina
- Forms a barrier to prevent the sperm and egg cell from meeting
Male and Female Condom
- Male sterilization
- Blocks or cuts the vas deferens tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles
- Keeps the sperm out of ejaculated semen
Vasectomy
- Female sterilization
- Blocks or cuts the fallopian tubes
- Eggs are blocked from meeting the sperm
Tubal Ligation
- Temporary contraception for new mothers whose monthly bleeding has not returned
- Requires exclusive or full breastfeeding day and night of an infant less than 6 months old
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
- Commonly referred to as Plan B
- Commercial names - Ulipristal acetate 30 mg or Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg
- Pills taken to prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex
- Delays ovulation
Emergency Contraception Pills
- Women track their fertile periods
- Fertile periods are usually 8-19 of each 26-32 day cycle
- Use cycle beads or other tools
Standard Days Method
- Women track their body temperature at a set time every morning before getting out of bed
- Observe for an increase of 0.2-0.5°C
Basal Body Temperature
- Women track their fertile periods by observing presence of cervical mucus
Two-Day Method
- Women track their fertile periods by observing changes in the cervical mucus, body temperature and consistency of the cervix
Sympthothermal Method
Signs of Fertility
Cervical Mucus - Clear texture
Body Temperature - Slight increase
Consistency of the Cervix - Softening
- Women monitor their pattern of menstrual cycle over 6 months
- Sutract 18 from the shortest cycle length and;
- Subtract 11 from the longest cycle length
- The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during the first and last estimated fertile days, by abstaining or using a condom.
Calendar Method or Rhythm Method
- Man withdraws his penis from from his partner’s vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away from her external genitalia.
- Aims to keep sperm out of the woman’s body to prevent fertilization.
Coitus Interruptus or Withdrawal
basic science of preventive and social medicine. It is the scientific discipline of public health to study diseases in the community to acquire knowledge for the health care of the society.
Epidemiology
are used to classify diseases that are spread from human-to-human, diseases that are not spread.
Communicable disease and non-communicable disease
spread of microorganisms from the infected stool of one person into the mouth of another
Fecal Oral Route
what illness is triggered by pathogens that follow a fecal-oral route
gastroenteritis
transmitted orally by ingestion of food, water or vegetables contaminated by the feces that contain the infective stages of the parasite. A person infected with this will develop Amebiasis.
Entamoeba histolytica (cyst)
spread by the fecal-oral route, which means it is shed in the stool of a host and enters the mouth of the next host by some means.
Salmonella
occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. Also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.
Direct contact
kissing disease
infectious mononucleosis
spread by direct contact with contaminated soil.
Hookworm
what commonly causes Infectious mononucleosis, “mono,” “kissing disease,” and glandular fever
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Other diseases that can be spread through direct contact (not a question):
Chicken pox, common cold, conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Hepatitis A and B, herpes simplex (cold sores), influenza, measles, mononucleosis, Fifth disease, pertussis, adeno/rhino viruses, Neisseria meningitidis and mycoplasma pneumoniae.
How can one Prevent Disease Transmission?
through frequent and thorough hand washing
Regular disinfection of frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, handles, handrails, restroom surfaces, medical instruments, computer keyboards, phones, office supplies and children’s toys
Using barriers such as gloves, masks or condoms can help avoid the spread of germs.
Diseases can also be transmitted by a mechanical or biological vector, an animal (typically an arthropod) that carries the disease from one host to another
Vector Borne
facilitated by a mechanical vector, an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself.
Mechanical transmission
Diseases that are obtained through Vector?
Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Transmission over distances greater than one meter or 3 feet
Airborne Transmission
other name for dust and fine particles
aerosols
found in mouse feces, urine, and saliva, but when these substances dry, they can disintegrate into fine particles that can become airborne when disturbed; inhalation of these particles can lead to a serious and sometimes fatal respiratory infection.
Hantavirus
small droplets of mucus that may contain pathogens are ejected
droplet transmission
Examples of Airborne Diseases
Tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, disseminated herpes zoster
Chicken pox mode of transmission
direct contact and airborne
also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person
to person. They are of long duration and generally slow progression.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCD’s)
What are the Different Types of NCD’s
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Respiratory Disease
Type 2 Diabetes
Other NCDs
defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention.
Public health
