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Biostat > Lab Module 1-4 > Flashcards

Lab Module 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

branch of applied statistics directed toward application in health sciences and biology.

A

Biostatistics

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2
Q

the study of diseases in population

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

refers to the science dealing w/ the collection, organization,
analysis and interpretation of
numerical data

A

Statistics

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4
Q

refers to the
application of statistical methods to
the life sciences like biology, medicine
and public health.

A

Biostatistics

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5
Q

set of data or a
mass of observations, like public health

A

statistics - plural sense

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6
Q

the body of
methods or techniques for the organization &
analysis of collected information

A

statistics - singular sense

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7
Q

data on vital events as to the
number of birth, death &
marriages.
- bookkeeping of humanity.

A

Vital statistics

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8
Q

3 Important Uses of Vital Statistics

A
  1. legal use
  2. source material
  3. health units
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9
Q

in claiming life insurance upon the
death of the benefactor

A

death registration

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10
Q

6 Special Uses of Vital Statistics

A
  1. accidents
  2. suicides
  3. communicable disease control
  4. maternal and infant mortality
  5. occupational statistics
  6. value of periodic medical exam
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11
Q

– logbook where data are written.
- it contains data of birth & death
registration for mortality & natality statistics.

A

Source Material

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12
Q

– refer to the health workers who take
part in the administration of gov’t health
programs.

A

Health Units

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13
Q

it keeps information pertains to health.

A

Health Statistics

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14
Q

The Application of Health Statistics to
Public Health Data are as follows:

A
  1. nutrition
  2. sanitation
  3. industrial hygiene
  4. dentistry
  5. laboratory
  6. epidemiology
  7. maternal child hygiene
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15
Q

uses different methods of
statistics to summarize and present data in
narrative form.

A

Descriptive statistics

methods of tabulation
- graphical presentation
- computation of averages
- measures of variability

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16
Q

uses generalizations & conclusions
about a target population w/c is based on
results from a sample

A

Inferential Statistics

  • experimental method
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17
Q

tendency of
measurable characteristics to change from
one individual or setting w/in the same
individual or setting.

A

Phenomena of Variation

i.e. person’s blood pressure

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18
Q

values remain the same from time to
time.

A

Constant

i.e. – minutes in an hour
- number of days a week

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19
Q

measured
according to quantity or values and are
expressed numerically.

A

Independent/dependent variable

i.e. – birthweight
- hospital bed capacity
- arm circumference
- population size

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20
Q

variables w/c can
assume only integral values or whole number

A

discrete variable

i.e. - books

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21
Q

variables w/c can
attain values in terms of fraction or decimals.

A

continuous variables

i.e. – birthweight
- arm circumference

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22
Q

numbers or symbols used to classify
an object, person or characteristics into
categories.

A

Nominal

i.e. – collection of yes, no, undecided
responses to a medical survey question

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23
Q

data are arranged in some order but
differences between data values cannot
be determined.

A

Ordinal

i.e. – size of T-shirt
- socio economic status
- in 10 urine samples 6 were rated normal, 4
pathological

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24
Q

characterized by a common and
constant unit and measurement.
- the distances between any two
numbers on the scale are known
sizes.

A

Interval

i.e. - temp. reading of 15ºC and 35ºC

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25
Q

has a true zero point wherein the
number zero indicates the absence of the
characteristics under considerations.

A

Ratio

i.e. – height in meters
- weight in kilograms
CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY 13

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26
Q

obtained first hand by the
investigator from first hand sources.

A

Primary data

i.e. – thesis & dissertations
- interview and questionnaire
- letters, diaries and autobiographies
- experimentation
- journals and newspapers

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27
Q

are finished products taken from
raw materials.
- data w/c are already existing.

A

Secondary data

i.e. – data obtained from registry of cases of
hospitals
- documented materials
- book of factual information i.e. textbooks

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28
Q

oral type of
questionnaire w/ a face to face contact
bet. the researcher and the respondents.

A

Direct or Interview method

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29
Q

requires an appointment w/ the
respondents

A

Formal

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30
Q

by chance interview

A

Informal

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31
Q

involves a patient & his health provider

A

Clinical

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32
Q

wider & deeper coverage as in
investigative or detective cases.

A

In-depth

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33
Q

solicits views and opinions from a group of
people

A

Focus

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34
Q

interviewed person has given the
task of providing pieces of advice.

A

Non- Directed

i.e. – counselling given by guidance counsellor

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35
Q

set of written & planned
questions related to a particular topic intended to answer the problem of the study

A

Indirect or Questionnaire

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36
Q

answerable through options
or choices

A

Close ended

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37
Q

questions that require further
explanation in phrases or paragraphs.

A

Open ended

i.e. narrative responses

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38
Q

data obtained through births, deaths,
marriages, licenses and census.

A

Registration

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39
Q

used by scientific researches.

A

Experimental

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40
Q

the act of studying only a portion of the
population to represent the whole.

A

Sampling

i.e. diagnosing a patient based on his blood count

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41
Q

a sampling procedure
wherein the probability of each element being
included in the sample is unknown.
- as a result there is no way of assessing the
reliability of the sample results.

A

Non probability sample

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42
Q

any sampling procedure wherein
each element in the population has a known probability
of being included in the sample.

A

Probability sample

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43
Q

a representative
sample of the population is selected based on
an expert’s subjective judgment or on some
pre-specified criteria.

A

Judgment or Purposive sampling

i.e. an area is selected bec. the community leaders
are known to the investigators.

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44
Q

if the researcher
used in his study whatever items come at hand or
whoever is available

A

Accidental or Haphazard sampling

i.e. he may interview the first 50 people who enters a
department store or he may ask for volunteers.

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45
Q

collection of data continues
until the pre-specified quota is met.

A

Quota sampling

i.e. house to house interview

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46
Q

used in confidential researches
wherein the other respondents are picked out by
the previous respondent.
- frequently used when studying “ hidden
population” like drug users & prostitutes, w/ HIV
positive individual.

A

Snowball technique

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47
Q

there is an equal
chance for every member of the population
of being included in the sample

A

Simple random sampling

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48
Q

draw lots
method.

A

fish bowl technique or lottery method

i.e. rolling pieces of paper w/ the names of the
population & have it selected by draw lots

49
Q

done when the
population is large

A

table of random numbers

i.e. w/ eyes closed using a pencil pinpoint at any
location a number in the table by chance.

50
Q

a technique for
selecting members of a sample by picking out
every Kth of the population.

A

Systematic probability sampling

51
Q

systematic probability sampling formula

A

K= N/n where:
K = ratio of the population
N = total population
n = sample population

52
Q

a pop. w/c is
composed of several strata or subgroups.

A

Stratified random sampling

53
Q

samples per group or strata

i.e. – department store, location, industry type

A

stratified random sampling w/ equal allocation

54
Q

samples per group depends on the pop.
per group.
i.e. – the bigger the pop., the more the samples;
the smaller the pop., the smaller the
sample.

A

Stratified random sampling with proportional
allocation

55
Q

pop. w/c is divided into separate group of
elements called clusters.
i.e. – area sampling such as 5 city blocks, a
clusters or group of students.

A

Cluster

56
Q

Sloven’s Formula

A

n = N/1+Ne^2

where: either 0.05 or o.01 (values chosen to be
consistent w/ the level of significance used
in the tests of hypothesis)

57
Q

paragraph form

A

Narrative or Textual

58
Q

in graph
i.e. bar graph, histogram, pie graph, line
diagram

A

Graphical

59
Q

data w/c include lots of figures &
makes use of a statistical table.

A

Tabular

60
Q

the sum of all the cases divided by the
number of cases.

A

Mean

61
Q

the middle most score in a distribution.

A

Median

62
Q

the midpoint of the interval containing
the largest number of cases.

A

Mode

63
Q

the
exact values of the observations are
retained.

A

Ungrouped data or Raw or Scattered

64
Q

they are cast in a frequency
distribution

A

Grouped data

65
Q

Median formula

A

Md = N+1/2

66
Q

tabular
arrangement of data into classes or
categories together w/ their corresponding
class frequency.

A

Frequency distribution table

67
Q

often called the average, of a numerical set of
data, is simply the sum of the data values divided by the
number of values

A

Mean

68
Q

the number that falls in the middle position
once the data has been organized. Organized data means the
numbers are arranged from smallest to largest or from largest to
smallest.

A

Median

69
Q

set of data is simply the value that
appears most frequently in the set.

A

Mode

70
Q

Data consists of values that can be placed into nonnumeric categories

A

Qualitative

i.e subjects in college, education level

71
Q

Data consists of values representing counts or measurements can be measured by tool or scale or count

A

Quantitative

i.e. grades in biostats, number of students, temperature

72
Q

No natural ranking or ordering of the data exists

A

Nominal level (by name)

73
Q

Can’t get a precise mathematical difference between
levels. ( Could be coded mathematically)

A

Ordinal level (by order)

74
Q

can take on any value in an
interval but could also have decimals
(weight, home value, height and 2.45) while
discrete can take on only particular values
(shoe size, number of students and number
of prerequisite courses)

A

Continuous

75
Q

Intervals of equal length signify equal differences in the
characteristic.
▪ Differences make sense, but ratios do not.
▪ 100° Fahrenheit is not twice as hot as 50° Fahrenheit.
Occurs when a numerical scale does not have a ‘true zero’ start point
▪ Does 0° Fahrenheit represent an absence of heat?
* Equal interval

A

Interval ( subtraction level)

EXAMPLES: Temperature, Calendar year and IQ test

76
Q

At this level, both differences and ratios are meaningful.
* 2 oz glasses of water IS equal to one 4 oz glass of water “ 4oz
of water is twice as much as 2 oz of water.
* Occurs when scale does have a ‘true zero’ start point.
* 0 oz of water is a ‘true zero’ as it is empty, absence of water.
* Ratios involve division (or multiplication) rather than addition
or subtraction

A

Order

Examples: Mass, Length and Time

77
Q

is the statistical study of human populations

A

Demography

78
Q

the number or body of inhabitants in a place belonging to a specific social,
cultural, socioeconomic, ethnic, or racial subgroup

A

Population

79
Q

is a technique used to develop an understanding of the age,
sex, and racial composition of a population and how it has changed over time through
the basic demographic processes of birth, death, and migration.

A

Demographic Analysis

80
Q

is broadly defined as the scientific study of
human populations.

A

Population Studies

Major areas studied include:
-broad population dynamics
- fertility and family dynamics
-health, aging, and mortality
-human capital and labor markets

81
Q

the absolute number of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area in
a specified time period.

A

Count

82
Q

the frequency of demographic events in population during a specified time period divided by
the population “at risk” of the event occurring during that time period.

A

Rate

83
Q

the relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup; that is,
one subgroup divided by another

A

Ratio

84
Q

the relation of a population subgroup to the entire population; that is, a population
subgroup divided by the entire population

A

Proportion

85
Q

an unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to
express these measures in a more understandable fashion

A

Constant

86
Q

-a statistic that measures events occurring to a COHORT (a group of people sharing a
common demographic experience) who are observed through time.

A

Cohort measure

87
Q

a statistic that measures events occurring to all or part of a population during one
period of time.

A

Period Measure

88
Q

is the description of a population
according to characteristics such as
age, sex, race or other factors.

A

Population composition

89
Q

A population growing at a consistent rate is
expected to form a triangular shape (hence the
name).

A

population pyramid

90
Q

are derived from information obtained at the time when the occurrences of
vital events and their characteristics are inscribed in a civil register.

A

Vital statistics

91
Q

are the births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages, and all such events
that have something to do with an individual’s entrance and departure from life
together with the changes in civil status that may occur to a person during his lifetime.

A

Vital acts and events

92
Q

Recording of these events in the civil register

A

vital or civil registration

93
Q

resulting documents

A

vital records

94
Q

are used when these changes cannot be measured directly, as for example health or nutritional
status.

A

Demographic Indicators

95
Q

should measure what they are supposed to measure

A

Valid

96
Q

the answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar
circumstances

A

Reliable

97
Q

should be sensitive in the situation concerned

A

Sensitive

98
Q

should reflect changes only in the situation concerned

A

Specific

99
Q

should have the ability to obtain data needed

A

Feasible

100
Q

should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon

A

Relevant

101
Q

Death is the final common outcome of many health and
nutrition problems. It is a single indicator which can signal
a broad range of health problems

A

Mortality Indicators

102
Q

counts all deaths
-all causes
-all ages and both sexes
denominator includes entire population
-all ages and both sexes

A

Crude mortality rate

103
Q

counts only deaths in specific age group
-usually calculated for children less than 5 years of age
denominator includes only persons in that age group

A

Age-specific mortality rate

104
Q

Counts deaths in children less than 12 months of age, divides by number
of live births in same time period

A

Infant mortality rate

105
Q

Counts deaths in women due to pregnancy or child birth, divides by
number of live births in same time period

A

Maternal mortality rate

106
Q

Counts deaths in the first 5 years of life, divides by number of live
births in the hypothetical cohort of newborns

A

Under-5 mortality rate

107
Q

defined as any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of
physiological or psychological well-being. In practice, morbidity encompasses disease,
injury, and disability.

A

Morbidity

108
Q

refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of
time. Although some epidemiologists use incidence to mean the number of new cases in a community, others
use incidence to mean the number of new cases per unit of population.

A

Incidence

109
Q

interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g.
cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and depression) and personal and
environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation and
public buildings, and limited social supports).

A

Disability

110
Q

include obesity, overweight, underweight, and short stature

A

nutritional status indicators

111
Q

reflect the equity of distribution of
health resources in different parts of the country
and provision of health care.

A

Healthcare Delivery Indicators

Doctor -population ratio
 Doctor- bed ratio
 Population -bed ratio
 Population per health center/sub center
 Population per traditional health attendant

112
Q

actual coverage expressed as the proportion of people in need of a service who actually
receive it in a given period, usually a year

A

Utilization Rates

113
Q

indicators such as various acts of violence, crime, suicide, homicide, road
accidents, juvenile delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, consumption of
tranquillizers and other antisocial activities can be used as guides to improving social
health of the people

A

Social and Mental Health Indicators

114
Q

these Indicators reflect the quality of physical and biological
environment in which diseases occur and in which people live.

A

Environmental Indicators

115
Q

do not directly measure health. However, these are important in the interpretation of indicators of healthcare.

A

Socioeconomic Indicators

-rate of population increase
-per capita GNP
-level of unemployment
-dependency ratio
-literacy rates-female literacy
-family size
-housing-density of population at household level
-per capita calorie availability

116
Q

Allocation of adequate resources to health sector is also an indicator of
political commitment to health.

A

Health Policy Indicators

he relevant indicators are
1. Proportion of GNP spent on health services
2. Proportion of GNP spent on health-related activities including water,
sanitation, nutrition
3. Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care.

117
Q

defined as a composite measure of physical, mental
and social well-being as perceived by each individual or a group of
individuals including happiness, satisfaction and gratification in health,
marriage, family, work, financial situation, educational opportunities
etc.

A

Quality of Life Indicators

118
Q
A

Biostat (5 decks)

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