Lab Module 5-6 Flashcards
study of outbreak of acute infectious diseases
Epidemiology
study of the distribution and determinants (causes,risk factors ) of diseases or conditions in a defined population
Epidemiology
Natural History and Spectrum of Disease Stages:
Exposure
1. Susceptibility
2. Subclinical Diseases
(onset symptoms) Time of Diagnosis
3. Clinical Diseases
4. Recovery, Disability or Death
Parts of Subclinical Diseases
A. INDUCTION
B. INCUBATION
C. LATENCY
LEVEL OF DISEASE OCCURENCE
A. SPORADIC
B. ENDEMIC
C. HYPERENDEMIC
D. EPIDEMIC
E. OUTBREAK
F. PANDEMIC
Age, sex, race, genetic profile, previous diseases, immune status, religion, customs, occupation, marital status, family background
Host
temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, neighborhood, water, milk, food, radiation, pollution, noise
environment
biologic (bacteria, viruses) chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke) physical (trauma, radiation, fire) nutritional (lack, excess)
agent
Chain of Infection:
portal of entry
Susceptible Host
Infectious agent
reservoirs
portal of exit
means of transmission
Study computation in phone gallery:
–
Branch of biometry which deals with data
and the law of human mortality, morbidity
and demography.
Vital Statisitics
SOURCES OF POPULATION DATA
- Census
- Sample registration survey
- Registration of live events
- Institutional records
Types of Census
- De facto census
- De jure census
- Modern census
components of variation and change in
demographic variables and relationship
between them.
Demographic Analysis
relationships between demographic
variables and other variables such as social
and economic variables.
Population Studies
TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY
- Count
- Rate
- Ratio
- Proportion
- Constant
- Cohort
- Period Measure
HEALTH INDICATORS
- Valid
- Reliable
- Sensitive
- Specific
- Feasible
- Relevant
science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency.
Preventive medicine
encompasses those undertaken
for the prevention of diseases and the
promotion of health which are primarily a
community responsibility.
Public health
Objectives of Preventive Medicine:
1.) promote optimum health
- have a physically and mentally sounded body
2.) prevent departure from health
- free from any forms of illness
3.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.
- to fix any forms of disability by
means of rehabilitation.
Individual’s capacity is good and experiences no illness.
Its goal is to maintain his present health
status, or to further promote it.
This level is designed to promote general
optimum health or by the specific
protection of man against disease agents or the establishment of barriers against agents in the environment.
Primary level prevention
The individual is recovering from a disease
This level is accomplished by early
diagnosis, prompt and adequate treatment
to prevent spread of the disease as well as
further complication is eliminated.
Remedied by having periodic health
examinations
Period of disability is shortened due to
adequate facilities were provided as a result death is prevented.
Secondary level prevention
The level wherein the defect and disability
have been fixed which is accomplished by
rehabilitation.
To enhance the remaining capacities of an
affected individual :
1.) therapy hospital should be provided
2.) full employment to be given in
disabled person
Tertiary Level Prevention
Invading microorganisms are confined in
one area. i.e. wound
Local Infection
Microorganisms are confined to one area, w/c may serve as a source for further
dissemination of toxic materials to other
parts of the body. i.e. diarrhea
Focal Infection
When there is a general invasion and the
entire body seems to be affected.
i.e. typhoid fever and cancer
Systemic or General Infection
presence of bacteria in the
bloodstream but no active multiplication on it i.e. Influenza and boils
Bacteremia
invasion of bacteria in the
bloodstream w/ an active multiplication of
microorganisms.
i.e. typhoid fever caused by contaminated
foods and drinks
Septicemia
presence of pus-forming bacteria in
the bloodstream, characterized by the
development of abscesses in various organs.
i.e. carcinoma
Pyemia
a form of blood poisoning caused
by toxin produced by certain
microorganisms. i.e. canned
food poisoning
Sapremia
condition of illness due to
presence in the bloodstream of toxins, caused
by the ingestion of foods contaminated w/
toxins
i.e. ingestion of poisonous substance
Toxemia
a small number of
people are affected among the population of a
community. i.e. meningococcal
meningitis, common colds
Endemic disease
when an endemic
disease flares up affecting a large number of
people and spread from person to person w/in
a certain community.
i.e. diarrhea, measles, chicken pox
Epidemic disease
when an epidemic becomes
widespread and the disease is prevalent
throughout the entire country.
i.e. blood borne infections, HIV infection
Pandemic
Elements of an Infectious Disease Process
1.] Etiologic agents
2.] Reservoir
3.] Portals of entry and exit
4.] Mode of transmission
5.] Susceptible host
single celled parasites
i.e. malaria, amoeba
Protozoa
multi-cellular parasites
i.e. tapeworms and blood flukes
Metazoa
unicellular structure w/ long
branching filaments
i.e. ringworm, histoplasmosis
Fungi
single cell structure
1.) normal bacteria found lining the
GIT, GUT and skin
2.) bacteria causing disease: invade &
multiply in a portion of the body; produce
toxin; initiate hypersensitivity response
Bacteria
microorganisms that are in between bacteria ( respond to antimicrobial
agents) and viruses.
Rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite
Viruses
the animal or place where the
infectious agent can propagate.
Reservoir
3 Types of Reservoir
A.] Human carrier
B.] Animals
C.] Environment
transmits the
infection before it becomes
symptomatic.
Incubatory carrier
patients who had
recovered from an acute illness may
continue to shed the organism,
particularly enteric infections caused by
Salmonella or Shigella.
Convalescent carriers
patients who
develop chronic infections and transmit
the infection for long periods of time,
usually over 1 year.
Chronic carriers
diseases that can be
transmitted under natural conditions
from vertebrate animals to humans
zoonoses
certain biologic agents,
such as cryptococcus neoformans, live
free in the environment.
1.] stagnant water esp. in canal where
mosquitoes can breed and multiply
2.] dirty surrounding
3.] unsafe water supply due to pipeline
leakage
Environment
1.] respiratory tract
2.] genitourinary tract
3.] alimentary tract
4.] skin
5.] in user transmission – belongings
of an infected person like
handkerchief of a hepatitis infected
Portal of exit
similar to the portal
of exit
Portal of entry
occurs when the
reservoir and the susceptible host are in close
proximity.
Direct transmission
occurs from skin
contact (i.e. syphilis) or w/ an organism in
the environment (i.e. sporotrichosis)
Person-to person spread
occurs when infectious aerosols
produced by coughing, talking, and
sneezing transmit infection to susceptible
hosts. (i.e. mumps)
Droplet spread
occurs when the
reservoir and the susceptible host
are separated. The separation can be
fast, near or in a far distance.
Examples:
1.] Vector spread involves mosquitoes,
fleas and ticks
2.] Vehicle spread involves transportation
of an infectious agent on
inanimate objects ( fomites ) like toys,
beddings or contaminated food, water,
milk or biologic materials.
Indirect transmission
produced by
talking, singing, coughing, or
sneezing and float on air currents
for varying periods of time.
Airborne spread
General Principles of Communicable Disease
Control
1.] Fixing of responsibility
2.] Authority
3.] Reporting
4.] Early diagnosis
5.] Isolation
6.] Immunization of contacts
7.] Quarantine
8.] Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine
9.] Disinfection and fumigation
10.] Carrier control
11.] Community immunization
12.] Official’s responsibility for communicable disease
control
13.] Control of intermediate host
The government is the one responsible for
the control of contagious diseases. The
practicing physician does not have direct
responsibility for enforcement of measures for
the control of communicable diseases.
The fixing of responsibility
is required to control communicable
diseases. A police power is instituted to
protect the community from a recalcitrant
(disobedient) patient w/ a contagious disease
who refuses to observe the regulations of the
health department.
Authority
A workable system for reporting all
contagious diseases in the community must
be devised. It is the duty of the practicing
physician to report all cases of communicable
diseases.
Reports should be made as soon as possible
after the tentative diagnosis has been made.
Reporting
The physician who first sees the patient
makes a tentative diagnosis and institutes
tentative unofficial isolation measures.
He reports the case to the health
department
He may ask for any necessary laboratory
aids in diagnosis i.e. FTA-ABS test for
syphilis
Early diagnosis
When the diagnosis of communicable
disease has been made the patient is
isolated
Purposes:
1.) isolation of the patient protects the
community from dissemination of the
specific agent to others.
2.) the patient is protected from factors
that may influence the course of the
disease unfavorably
Isolation
After the patient has been isolated next to consider
is the possibility of preventing the disease among
his contacts. This is immunizing the family
contacts to get rid from such disease.
Immunization of contacts
Family contacts and other immediate
contacts undergo quarantine. The
duration is from the date of last
exposure to the incubation period of
the disease.
The purpose is to prevent the spread of
the disease.
Quarantine
Its purpose is to prevent the spread of a few highly
important communicable diseases from infected ports
to disease free nations.
This quarantine is organized on an international basis.
Diseases subject to quarantine such as cholera,
hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, typhus, plague, small
pox, leprosy, anthrax, AIDs, typhoid fever and CMV.
Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine
This is done by thorough cleaning, airing and sunning
of the sickroom, using only soap and water w/c are
adequate protective measures.
In the hospital all these matters are the responsibility
of the nurse who attends to the sick person.
Disinfection and fumigation
The chronic carrier of an infectious agent is of great
importance as a source of infection in communicable
diseases.
The detection and control of carrier is the function of
the official health department
Carrier control
There are cases that a mass community immunization
is needed to eradicate for the control of communicable
diseases.
The DOH takes charge of this project
To date the nation have a national immunization day to
give the population a chance to avail of free
vaccines and toxoids against some common infectious
diseases.
Community immunization
The local health department is responsible for
communicable disease control measures.
This is usually aided by the national gov’t.
Often, the health department is aided by the
national laboratory services where the
production of biological products like
vaccine, toxoids and hyper-immune sera
takes place.
Then products are used for prophylactic and
therapeutic treatments.
Official’s responsibility for
communicable disease control
Fumigation is now used chiefly to check
diseases that are transmitted by those insects
and rodents that are intermediate factors in
the spread of disease
The most effective fumigant is hydrocyanic
acid gas.
Steam is often used in the destruction of
infectious agents on clothing and is an
excellent germicide particularly if placed
under 15 lb pressure.
Control of intermediate host
state of complete physical, mental, and socio cultural well-being
Health
a way of living that lowers the risk of being seriously ill or dying early
Health Lifestyle
active process of becoming aware and making choices towards a health and fulfilling life
Wellness
involves prevention, treatment and management of illness and preservation of health through the services offered by health care organizations
Healthcare
disease is not yet acquired
Preventive
already developed disease, and how to cure the disease
Curative
severe case of disease, address the complication
Palliative
progression of a disease, process, and individual over time, in the absence of treatment. Disease without any clinical intervention
Natural History
before a disease process begins to an individual
Pre disease
do not have clinical manifestation, the disease process have started but symptoms are not apparent
Latent/Asymptomatic
disease is advanced enough to produce clinical manifestation; the disease is complicated enough
Symptomatic
conditions in which people are born, work, grow, live, and aged. Circumstances shaped by distribution of money, power, resources in global, national or local level.
Social Determinants of Health
refers to fairness; properly allocation of health sources
Health Equity
refers to sameness; population B receives same as population A
Health Equality
Social Determinants of Health
- Employment Conditions
- Social Exclusion
- Access to housing - clean house, less likely to acquire disease
- Clean water and sanitation
- Social protection system - importance of insurance; SSS (pension), SUNLIFE (children have more benefits)
6.Gender equity - refers to fairness - Early childhood development - involvement of family and environment around the household maintenance of the health
- Globalization and Urbanization - country profession
- Access to healthcare - health is politics
prevent onset of disease, pre-disease; keyword: PROTECTION
Primary Level
early diagnosis, latent disease; keyword: EARLY DETECTION SCREENING
Secondary level
symptomatic, keyword: COMPLICATIONS; limitations and rehabilitation
Tertiary level
Abstaining from Tobacco
what level of prevention?
Primary level
cardiac stress
what level of prevention?
Secondary level
smoking
what level of prevention?
Secondary level
tumor
what level of prevention?
tertiary level
colonoscopy
what level of prevention?
Secondary level
smoking cessation after myocardial infarction
what level of prevention?
tertiary level
oral prophylaxis
what level of prevention?
Primary level
self breast examination
what level of prevention?
Secondary level
use of condom
what level of prevention?
Primary level
stress management
what level of prevention?
Primary level
propela flood exposure
what level of prevention?
Primary level
post ischemic
what level of prevention?
tertiary level
