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BCHEM FINALS ! > LEC Metabolism intro + Glycolysis > Flashcards

LEC Metabolism intro + Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Sum of all biological reactions within a living organisms

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Provides nutrients and energy as well as other materials to sustain different life processes

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

2 different kinds of biochemical reactions

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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4
Q

The breakdown of larger molecules into small ones

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Exothermic biochemical reaction

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules

A

Anabolism

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7
Q

Oxidative process that releases energy

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

Reduction process that requires energy

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

Endothermic biochemical reaction

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

The loss of electron

A

Oxidation

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11
Q

The substance that loses the electrons

A

Reducing agent

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12
Q

The gain of electron

A

Reduction

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13
Q

The substance that gains the electrons

A

Oxidizing agent

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14
Q

Carbon in most reduced form

A

Alkane

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15
Q

Carbon in most oxidized form

A

CO2

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16
Q

Final product of catabolism

A

CO2

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17
Q

Central theme in the metabolism of all organisms

A

Coupling of energy-producing and energy-requiring reactions

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18
Q

T/F: energy can be used directly

A

F

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19
Q

T/F: energy must be shuttled into easily accessible forms of chemical energy

A

T

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20
Q

Bonds that require or release convenient amounts of energy, depending on the direction of the reaction

A

“high energy” bonds

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21
Q

Essential high energy bond-containing compound

A

ATP

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22
Q

T/F: phosphorylation of ADP to ATP releases energy

A

F (it requires energy)

23
Q

T/F: hydrolysis of ATP to ADP requires energy

A

F (it releases energy)

24
Q

An important coenzyme that acts as a biological oxidizing agent

A

NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

25
Q

Which portion of the NADH is involved in the reaction?

A

Nicotinamide portion

26
Q

Nicotinamide is a derivative of _____

A

Nicotinic acid

27
Q

NAD+ is a ___-electron oxidizing agent, and is ____ (oxidized or reduced) to NADH

A

two; reduced

28
Q

T/F: protons are accepted by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) but not electrons

A

F (both are accepted)

29
Q

First stage of glucose metabolism

A

Glycolysis

30
Q

Plays a key role in the energy extraction

A

Pyruvate

31
Q

Enumerate glycolysis

A

One glucose molecule&raquo_space; fructose-1,6-biphosphate&raquo_space; 2 molecules pyruvate

32
Q

3 fates of pyruvate

A
  1. Anaerobic glycolysis
  2. Aerobic oxidation
  3. Anaerobic alcohol fermentation
33
Q

What does anaerobic glycolysis produce?

A

Lactate

34
Q

What does aerobic oxidation produce?

A

6 CO2 and 6 H2O

35
Q

What does anaerobic alcoholic fermentation produce?

A

2 CO2 and 2 Ethanol

36
Q

Enumerate the glycolytic pathway

A
  1. Phosphorylation
  2. Isomerization
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Cleavage
  5. Isomerization
  6. Oxidation
  7. Phosphate transfer
  8. Isomerization
  9. Dehydration
  10. Phosphate transfer
37
Q

The step 1 in glycolytic pathway is phosphorylation of ____ to give _____

A

Glucose; glucose-6-phosphate

38
Q

The step 2 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____

A

Glucose-6-phosphate; fructose-6-phosphate

39
Q

The step 3 in glycolytic pathway is phosphorylation of ____ to give _____

A

Fructose-6-phosphate; fructose-1,6-biphosphate and ADP

40
Q

What is the committed step in glycolysis?

A

Step 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate and ADP

41
Q

The step 4 in glycolytic pathway is cleavage of ____ to give _____

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

42
Q

The step 5 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

43
Q

The step 6a in glycolytic pathway is oxidation of ____ to give _____

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; 3-phosphoglycerate

44
Q

The reaction of oxidation in step 6 of glycolysis is catalyzed by _____

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

45
Q

The step 6b in glycolytic pathway is _____ of ____ to give _____

A

Phosphorylation; 3-phosphoglycerate; 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

46
Q

The step 7 in glycolytic pathway is phosphate transfer of ____ to give _____

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP; 3-phosphoglycerate

47
Q

The step 8 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____

A

3-phosphoglycerate; 2-phosphoglycerate

48
Q

The step 9 in glycolytic pathway is dehydration of ____ to give _____

A

2-phosphoglycerate; phosphoenolpyruvate

49
Q

The step 10 in glycolytic pathway is phosphate transfer of ____ to give _____

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP; pyruvate

50
Q

Glycolysis produces how many molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules ATP
2 molecules NADH

51
Q

The enzymes that catalyze the large decrease in free energy during glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

52
Q

The reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase are sites of _____

A

Allosteric control

53
Q

In glycolysis, isozymes can undergo _____ modification as well as _____

A

Covalent; allosterically control glycolysis

BCHEM FINALS ! (7 decks)

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