LEC Metabolism intro + Glycolysis Flashcards
Sum of all biological reactions within a living organisms
Metabolism
Provides nutrients and energy as well as other materials to sustain different life processes
Metabolism
2 different kinds of biochemical reactions
Catabolism and anabolism
The breakdown of larger molecules into small ones
Catabolism
Exothermic biochemical reaction
Catabolism
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
Anabolism
Oxidative process that releases energy
Catabolism
Reduction process that requires energy
Anabolism
Endothermic biochemical reaction
Anabolism
The loss of electron
Oxidation
The substance that loses the electrons
Reducing agent
The gain of electron
Reduction
The substance that gains the electrons
Oxidizing agent
Carbon in most reduced form
Alkane
Carbon in most oxidized form
CO2
Final product of catabolism
CO2
Central theme in the metabolism of all organisms
Coupling of energy-producing and energy-requiring reactions
T/F: energy can be used directly
F
T/F: energy must be shuttled into easily accessible forms of chemical energy
T
Bonds that require or release convenient amounts of energy, depending on the direction of the reaction
“high energy” bonds
Essential high energy bond-containing compound
ATP
T/F: phosphorylation of ADP to ATP releases energy
F (it requires energy)
T/F: hydrolysis of ATP to ADP requires energy
F (it releases energy)
An important coenzyme that acts as a biological oxidizing agent
NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Which portion of the NADH is involved in the reaction?
Nicotinamide portion
Nicotinamide is a derivative of _____
Nicotinic acid
NAD+ is a ___-electron oxidizing agent, and is ____ (oxidized or reduced) to NADH
two; reduced
T/F: protons are accepted by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) but not electrons
F (both are accepted)
First stage of glucose metabolism
Glycolysis
Plays a key role in the energy extraction
Pyruvate
Enumerate glycolysis
One glucose molecule»_space; fructose-1,6-biphosphate»_space; 2 molecules pyruvate
3 fates of pyruvate
- Anaerobic glycolysis
- Aerobic oxidation
- Anaerobic alcohol fermentation
What does anaerobic glycolysis produce?
Lactate
What does aerobic oxidation produce?
6 CO2 and 6 H2O
What does anaerobic alcoholic fermentation produce?
2 CO2 and 2 Ethanol
Enumerate the glycolytic pathway
- Phosphorylation
- Isomerization
- Phosphorylation
- Cleavage
- Isomerization
- Oxidation
- Phosphate transfer
- Isomerization
- Dehydration
- Phosphate transfer
The step 1 in glycolytic pathway is phosphorylation of ____ to give _____
Glucose; glucose-6-phosphate
The step 2 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____
Glucose-6-phosphate; fructose-6-phosphate
The step 3 in glycolytic pathway is phosphorylation of ____ to give _____
Fructose-6-phosphate; fructose-1,6-biphosphate and ADP
What is the committed step in glycolysis?
Step 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate and ADP
The step 4 in glycolytic pathway is cleavage of ____ to give _____
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
The step 5 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
The step 6a in glycolytic pathway is oxidation of ____ to give _____
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; 3-phosphoglycerate
The reaction of oxidation in step 6 of glycolysis is catalyzed by _____
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
The step 6b in glycolytic pathway is _____ of ____ to give _____
Phosphorylation; 3-phosphoglycerate; 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
The step 7 in glycolytic pathway is phosphate transfer of ____ to give _____
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP; 3-phosphoglycerate
The step 8 in glycolytic pathway is isomerization of ____ to give _____
3-phosphoglycerate; 2-phosphoglycerate
The step 9 in glycolytic pathway is dehydration of ____ to give _____
2-phosphoglycerate; phosphoenolpyruvate
The step 10 in glycolytic pathway is phosphate transfer of ____ to give _____
Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP; pyruvate
Glycolysis produces how many molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH?
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules ATP
2 molecules NADH
The enzymes that catalyze the large decrease in free energy during glycolysis
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
The reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase are sites of _____
Allosteric control
In glycolysis, isozymes can undergo _____ modification as well as _____
Covalent; allosterically control glycolysis
