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BCHEM FINALS ! > LEC Amino Acid Catabolism, Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Acid Biosynthesis > Flashcards

LEC Amino Acid Catabolism, Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

The first step in amino acid catabolism

A

Removal of the a-amino group by transamination

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2
Q

In the first step of amino acid catabolism, ____ is transferred to ____ to give ____ and _____

A

a-amino group; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate; a-ketoacid

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3
Q

2 pathways followed by the breakdown of carbon skeletons in amino acid catabolism

A

Glucogenic amino acid
Ketogenic amino acid

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4
Q

One whose carbon skeleton is degraded to pyruvate or oxaloacetate, both of which may then be converted into glucose

A

Glucogenic amino acid

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5
Q

One whose carbon skeleton is degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, both of which may then be converted to ketone bodies

A

Ketogenic amino acid

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6
Q

The principal storage form of energy for most organisms

A

Oxidation of FA in triacylglycerols

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7
Q

T/F: the energy yield per gram of FA oxidized is less than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized

A

F

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8
Q

Catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of triacylglycerols

A

Lipases

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9
Q

Catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of phosphoacylglycerols

A

Phospholipases

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10
Q

Fatty acid oxidation begins with ____

A

Activation

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11
Q

A ___ bond is formed between the ____ group of the FA and the ___ group of CoA-SH

A

Thioester; carboxyl; thiol

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12
Q

T/F: the acyl-CoA crosses both the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane

A

F (only the outer)

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13
Q

The acyl group is transferred to ___, carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and transferred to _____

A

Carnitine; mitochondrial CoA-SH

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14
Q

Carnitine acyltransferase has specificity for acyl groups between ____ to ____ carbons long

A

14-18

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15
Q

A series of reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid

A

B-oxidation

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16
Q

Identify the reaction in B-oxidation of fatty acids: oxidation of the a,B carbon-carbon single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond

A

Reaction 1

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17
Q

Identify the reaction in B-oxidation of fatty acids: hydration of the carbon-carbon double bond

A

Reaction 2

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18
Q

Identify the reaction in B-oxidation of fatty acids: oxidation of the B-hydroxyl group to a carbonyl group

A

Reaction 3

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19
Q

Identify the reaction in B-oxidation of fatty acids: cleavage of the carbon chain by a reverse Claisen reaction

A

Reaction 4

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20
Q

___ cycles of oxidation of B-oxidation are required for the oxidation of Stearic acid to acetyl-CoA

A

8

21
Q

T/F: the energy released by the oxidation of acetyl-CoA formed by B-oxidation of FA can be used to produce ATP

A

T

22
Q

T/F: odd-numbered FA are frequently encountered compared to even-numbered FA

A

F

23
Q

T/F: since odd-numbered FA do not occur frequently, they do not undergo B-oxidation

A

F

24
Q

The last B-oxidation cycle of a fatty acid with an odd numbers of carbon gives ____

A

Propionyl-CoA

25
Q

FA with odd number of carbons produce ____ in the last step of the oxidation

A

Propionyl-CoA

26
Q

Propionyl-CoA can be converted to ___, which plays a role in the citric acid cycle

A

Succinyl-CoA

27
Q

T/F: The oxidation of unsaturated FA requires enzymes that catalyze isomerization around the double bonds

A

T

28
Q

Formation of ketone bodies occurs when the amount of acetyl-CoA produced is ___ compared to the amount of oxaloacetate

A

Excessive

29
Q

Bodily processes that leads to the formation of ketone bodies (3)

A
  1. Intake high in lipids and low in carbohydrates
  2. Diabetes not suitably controlled
  3. Starvation
30
Q

Components of ketone bodies (3)

A

Acetone
B-hydroxybutyrate
Acetoacetate

31
Q

Ketone bodies are formed principally in ____

A

Liver mitochondria

32
Q

T/F: ketone bodies are used as a fuel to most tissues and organs

A

T

33
Q

What does the body produce if it has excess acetyl-CoA?

A

Ketone bodies

34
Q

Where does biosynthetic reactions occur?

A

Cytosol

35
Q

T/F: biosynthesis is the exact reversal of oxidation

A

F

36
Q

Enumerate the fatty acid biosynthesis

A
  1. Ligation
  2. Transfer
  3. Transfer
  4. Condensation
  5. Reduction
  6. Dehydration
  7. Reduction
37
Q

What happens in the first step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Ligation of Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA

38
Q

What happens in the second step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Transfer of Acetyl-CoA to acetyl-ACP

39
Q

What happens in the third step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Transfer for malonyl-CoA to malonyl-ACP

40
Q

What happens in the fourth step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Condensation of acetyl-S-K + malonyl-ACP to acetoacyl-ACP + K-SH

41
Q

What happens in the fifth step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Reduction of acetoacyl-ACP to D-3-hydroxybutyryl-ACP

42
Q

What happens in the sixth step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Dehydration of D-3-hydroxybutyryl-ACP to crotonyl-ACP

43
Q

What happens in the seventh step of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Reduction of crotonyl-ACP to butyryl-ACP

44
Q

Where does the carboxylation by acetyl-CoA occur?

A

Cytosol

45
Q

The carrier of the carboxyl group in fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Biotin

46
Q

The key intermediate produced during fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Malonyl-CoA

47
Q

In the initiation steps of fatty acid biosynthesis the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to ____ through ____

A

Acyl carrier protein (ACP); acetyl tranferase

48
Q

The acetyl-ACP gets transferred to ____ in the initiation step of fatty acid biosynthesis

A

B-ketoacyl-S-ACP-synthetase

49
Q

Enumerate the “reverse” steps in fatty acid biosynthesis

A
  1. Condensation of malonyl-ACP and acetyl-KSase form acetoacyl-ACP using acyl-malonyl enzyme
  2. Reduction of acetacyl-ACP to D-B-hydroxybutyryl-ACP using B-ketoacyl-ACP reductase
  3. Dehydration of D-B-hydroxybutyryl-ACP to Crotonyl-ACP using B-hydroxyacyl-ACP-dehydrase
  4. Reduction of Crotonyl-ACP to Butyryl-ACP using 2,3-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase

BCHEM FINALS ! (7 decks)

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