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BCHEM FINALS ! > LAB Exp 6. Lipids > Flashcards

LAB Exp 6. Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: lipids are water soluble; they are nonpolar

A

T;F

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2
Q

T/F: lipids are soluble to organic solvents

A

T

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3
Q

Examples of organic solvents where lipids are soluble

A

Diethyl ether
Dichloromethane
Acetone

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4
Q

Building block of complex lipids

A

Fatty acyls

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5
Q

Long-chain monocarboxylic acids

A

Fatty acids

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6
Q

Long hydrophobic tail and a polar head

A

Fatty acids

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7
Q

Fatty acids differ in terms of (3)

A

Degree of unsaturation
Length of HC tails
Position of double bonds

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8
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: contains only single C-C bonds

A

Saturated

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9
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: CnH2n+1COOH

A

Saturated

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10
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: without C=C bond

A

Saturated

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11
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: waxy solids at RT

A

Saturated

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12
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: animal fats

A

Saturated

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13
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: high melting points

A

Saturated

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14
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: contains one or more C=C bonds

A

Unsaturated

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15
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: CnH2n-1, CnH2n-3COOH, CnH2n-5COOH

A

Unsaturated

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16
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: liquids at RT

A

Unsaturated

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17
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: vegetable fats

A

Unsaturated

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18
Q

Identify whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: low melting points

A

Unsaturated

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19
Q

T/F: naturally occurring unsaturated fats have trans- orientation

A

F

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20
Q

Where does the bend insert in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

HC chain

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21
Q

The higher the number of carbons, the ____ the melting point

A

Higher

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22
Q

In the case of same number of carbon atoms, the higher the number of double bonds, the _____ the melting point

A

Lower

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23
Q

A group of signal lipids

A

Eicosanoids

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24
Q

Derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)

A

Eicosanoids

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25
Q

Derived mainly from arachidonic acid

A

Protaglandins

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26
Q

Have a variety of potent biological activities of hormonal or regulatory nature

A

Prostaglandins

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27
Q

Parent compound is prostanoic acid

A

Prostaglandins

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28
Q

Control blood pressure

A

Prostaglandins

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29
Q

Stimulate muscle contration

A

Prostaglandins

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30
Q

Inhibit platelet aggregation

A

Prostaglandins

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31
Q

Induce inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

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32
Q

Induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane A

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33
Q

Aspirin and other NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis of _____

A

Thromboxanes

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34
Q

T/F: leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid

A

Leukotrienes

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35
Q

Leukotrienes as _____ double bonds

A

3

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36
Q

Produce muscle contractions, especially in the lungs and thereby can cause asthma-like attacks

A

Leukotrienes

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37
Q

T/F: leukotrienes are 20 times more potent than histamine

A

F (100 times)

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38
Q

Comprise the bulk of storage fat

A

Glycerolipids

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39
Q

A type of glycerolipid formed by esterification of three fatty acids to glycerol

A

Triacylglycerol

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40
Q

T/F: triacylglycerol is also known as neutral lipid

A

T

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41
Q

Reaction of a TAG with a base producing glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

A

Saponification

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42
Q

Most abundant lipid in most membrance

A

Phosphoacylglycerol

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43
Q

Have polar head and two nonpolar tails

A

Phosphoacylglycerol

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44
Q

Control cell permeability

A

Phosphoacylglycerol

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45
Q

Other term for phosphatidylcholine

A

Lecithin

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46
Q

Abundant in brain and nerve tissue

A

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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47
Q

Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, yeast

A

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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48
Q

Other term of phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Cephalin

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49
Q

Other term for diphosphatidylglycerol

A

Cardiolipin

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50
Q

The only antigenic lipid so far

A

Cardiolipin/diphosphatidylglycerol

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51
Q

The second large class of membrane lipids

A

Sphingolipids

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52
Q

Abundant in nervous system

A

Sphingolipids

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53
Q

Sphingomyelin contain _____ or _____ as their polar head

A

phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

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54
Q

Sphingomyelin is most commonly found in _____

A

Myelin sheath

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55
Q

A carbohydrate is bound to an alcohol group of a lipid by a glycosidic linkage

A

Glygolipids

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56
Q

“sterol alcohols”

A

Sterol lipids

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57
Q

Signals molecules located along the membrane

A

Sterol lipids

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58
Q

Contains aromatic alcohol which are derivatives of steroid nucleus

A

Steroids

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59
Q

Steroids has ____ cyclohexane rings and ___ cyclopentane ring

A

3, 1

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60
Q

Precursor for the synthesis of other steroids

A

Cholesterol

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61
Q

Derived from squalene

A

Cholesterol

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62
Q

A C30 terpenoid HC

A

Squalene

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63
Q

T/F: cholesterol is strongly amphipathic

A

F (weakly amphipatic)

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64
Q

T/F: cholesteryl esters are non-hydrolyzable

A

F

65
Q

Terpenes, carotenoids, quinones, hydroquinone are examples of ___

A

Prenol lipids

66
Q

Identify the prenol lipid: isoprene derived natural metabolite

A

Terpenes

67
Q

Identify the prenol lipid: insect and plant growth hormone

A

Terpenes

68
Q

Identify the prenol lipid: plant’s pleasant odors

A

Terpenes

69
Q

Identify the prenol lipid: lipid-like sugar carriers

A

Terpenes

70
Q

Fatty acid with a sugar backbone

A

Saccharolipid

71
Q

Has glucosamine precursoe

A

Saccharolipid

72
Q

Secondary metabolites of living organisms for survival

A

Polyketides

73
Q

Used as anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer

A

Polyketides

74
Q

Doxycycline and aflatoxin are examples of _____

A

Polyketides

75
Q

Esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols

A

Waxes

76
Q

Enumerate the saponifiable lipids (with fatty acids)

A

TAGs
Sphingolipids
Waxes
Phosphoacylglycerols
Glycolipids

77
Q

Enumerate the non-saponifiable lipids (without fatty acids)

A

Steroids
Terpenes
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

78
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

79
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: an isoprenoid alcohol that plays a key role in vision

A

A

80
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: control of animal growth

A

A

81
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: stimulation of development of nervous system

A

A

82
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: can either be consumed in diet or biosynthesize from b-carotene

A

A

83
Q

Enumerate some examples of Vitamin A sources

A

cod liver oil, fish livers, butter, eggs

84
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: regulation of Ca & P metabolism

A

D

85
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: deficiency leads to ricketsia

A

D

86
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: can also be found in cod liver oil and dairy products

A

D

87
Q

The most abundant form of Vitamin D is ____

A

D3 (Cholecalciferol)

88
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: has an antioxidant role

A

E

89
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: prevents attack of peroxides on unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids

A

E

90
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: found in eggs & vegetable oils

A

E

91
Q

Enumerate the common sources of Vitamin E

A

corn, peanut, wheat germ

92
Q

Other term Vitamin E

A

a-tocopherol

93
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: deficiency leads to muscular dystrophy

A

E

94
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: deficiency leads creatinuria

A

E

95
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: deficiency leads to anemia

A

E

96
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: important in the lymphatic synthesis of prothrombin & protein factors in blood platelets

A

K

97
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: Vitamin K found in animals & bacteria

A

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)

98
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: Vitamin K found in plants

A

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)

99
Q

Identify the fat-soluble vitamin: deficiency leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids

A

K

100
Q

Identify the reagent for isolation of lipids: denatures the proteins and disrupts the lipoprotein complexes of the egg yolk

A

Ethanol

101
Q

Identify the reagent for isolation of lipids: used to remove neutral or least polar lipids

A

Hexane

102
Q

Identify the reagent for isolation of lipids: provides mild hydration condition

A

Acetone

103
Q

Identify the reagent for isolation of lipids: the H2O content decreases and extracts the fatty acids, sterol, and other simple lipids

A

Acetone

104
Q

Identify the reagent for isolation of lipids: the remaining polar lipids with some neutral lipids are further precipitated

A

Acetone

105
Q

Stationary phase in column chromatography

A

Silica gel

106
Q

Enumerate the mobile phase in column chromatography

A
  1. petroleum ether: ethyl ether (9:1) - least polar
  2. 5% MeOH in DCM
  3. DCM:MeOH:H2O (1:3:1) - most polar
107
Q

Describe the result of the first eluate in ester test

A

Deep burgundy (++); due to fatty acids of TAG

108
Q

Describe the result of the second eluate in ester test

A

Deep burgundy (+/-); due to cholesterol ester

109
Q

Describe the result of the third eluate in ester test

A

Deep burgundy (-); due to fatty acids of sphingolipids or phosphoacylglycerol

110
Q

Describe the result of the first eluate in glycerol test

A

Burnt fat odor (++); presence of glycerol

111
Q

Describe the result of the second eluate in glycerol test

A

(-)

112
Q

Describe the result of the third eluate in glycerol test

A

Burnt fat odor (+); presence of glycerol

113
Q

Describe the result of the first eluate in liebermann-burchard test

A

(-)

114
Q

Describe the result of the second eluate in liebermann-burchard test

A

Emerald green (+); due to cholesterol

115
Q

Describe the result of the third eluate in liebermann-burchard test

A

(-)

116
Q

Stationary phase of TLC in lipids

A

Silica G-250

117
Q

Enumerate the reagents for TLC in lipids

A
  1. Petroleum ether: methanol: H2O (65:25:4)
  2. Petroleum ether: methanol: NH4OH (65:25:4)
118
Q

Enumerate the visualizing agents of TLC in lipids

A

I2
Ninhydrin

119
Q

This visualizing agent appears as yellow-brown spots

A

I2; due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

120
Q

This visualizing agent appears as blue-violet spots

A

Ninhydrin; due to free amino groups

121
Q

Enumerate the standards for TLC in lipids

A

cholesterol, lecithin

122
Q

Purpose of hydroxamic test

A

Detects the presence of carboxylic acid ester (TAGs, glycerophospholipids, cholesteryl esters)

123
Q

Reagents for hydroxamic test

A

ethanol:buthanol (3:1); NH2OH x HCl;
NaOH;
FeCl3;
HCl

124
Q

Positive result for hydroxamic test

A

Burgundy color

125
Q

Principle of hydroxamic test

A

Complexation reaction

126
Q

Purpose of acrolein test

A

Detects the presence of glycerol (TAGs, glycerophospholipids)

127
Q

Positive result for acrolein test

A

Burnt fat odor

128
Q

Reagent for acrolein test

A

KHSO4, water bath

129
Q

Principle involved in acrolein test

A

dehydration and oxidation

130
Q

Purpose of liebermann-burchard test

A

Detects the presence of unsaturated sterols (cholesterol)

131
Q

Reagents for liebermann-burchard test

A

Conc. H2SO4, acetic anhydride

132
Q

Positive result for liebermann-burchard test

A

Emerald green solution

133
Q

Principle involved in liebermann-burchard test

A

Esterification of OH at C-3 with acetic anhydride and epimerization of double bond at C-5

134
Q

Purpose of kraut’s test

A

Detects the presence of choline (phosphatidyl choline, sphingolipids)

135
Q

Reagents for kraut’s test

A

Bismuth nitrate, 3M HNO3, KI (Kraut’s reagent)

136
Q

Positive result for kraut’s test

A

Dark orange to red ppt

136
Q

Principle involved in kraut’s test

A

Complexation reaction
Proposed condensation, dehydration, and epimerization
Modification of Dragendorff’s test

137
Q

A test for alkaloids

A

Dragendorff’s test

138
Q

Purpose for Ascorbic acid method

A

Detects the presence of phosphate (phospholipids)

139
Q

Reagents for Ascorbic acid method

A

6M HNO3, 6M NaOH, Molybdate reagent, 0.1M Ascorbic acid solution

140
Q

Principle of ascorbic acid method

A

Ammonium molybdate and pottasium antimonyl tartrate react in acid medium with orthophosphate to form a heteropoly acid - phosphomolybdic acid - that is reduced to intensely colored molybdenum blue by ascorbic acid

141
Q

Purpose of ninhydrin test

A

Detects the presence of a-amino group

142
Q

Reagents for ninhydrin test

A

Triketohydrindene hydrate (ninhydrin in EtOH)

143
Q

Positive result for ninhydrin test

A

Blue-violet solution

144
Q

Principle of ninhydrin test

A

Oxidative deamination followed by condensation

145
Q

Purpose of bromine/iodine test

A

Detects the presence of double bonds; degree of unsaturation

146
Q

Reagents for test for lipid unsaturation

A

5% bromine / iodine solution

147
Q

Positive result for bromine/iodine test

A

Loss of reddish brown color - Iodine
Loss of violet coloration - bromine

148
Q

Identify the lipid index: number of mg of KOH required to saponify the free and combined fatty acids in 1g of a given fat

A

Saponification number

149
Q

Identify the lipid index: indicates the molecular weight and is inversely proportional to it

A

Saponification number

150
Q

Identify the lipid index: Number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100mg of fat

A

Iodine number

151
Q

Identify the lipid index: a measure of degree of unsaturation of a fat

A

Iodine number

152
Q

Identify the lipid index: number of mg of KOH required to neutralize the fatty acids in a gram of a fat

A

Acid number

153
Q

Identify the lipid index: indicates the degree of rancidity of a fat

A

Acid number

154
Q

An additional test for lipids that detect the presence of sugar moiety

A

Molisch test

155
Q

Reagents for molisch test

A

1% ethanolic a-naphthol, conc H2SO4

156
Q

Positive result for molisch test

A

Violet ring at the interface

157
Q

Principle involved in molisch test

A

Hydrolysis, dehydration, and condensation reaction

158
Q

Molisch test is positive for ____ and _____

A

Cerebrosides and gangliosides

BCHEM FINALS ! (7 decks)

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