[LEC] Antigens and Antibodies Flashcards
ABILITY OF THE ANTIGEN TO REACT SPECIFICALLY WITH THE ANTIBODIES OR CELLS IT PROVOKED
SPECIFIC REACTIVITY
TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGENS
SPECIFIC REACTIVITY
IMMUNOGENICITY
SUBSTANCE WITH THE ABILITY TO COMBINE WITH AN ANTIBODY
ANTIGEN
ABILITY TO PROVOKE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
IMMUNOGENICITY
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPECIFIC REACTIVITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY
SPECIFIC REACTIVITY IS THE REACTION TO THE OUTCOME OF THE RESPONSE
IMMUNOGENICITY IS THE PROVOKING OF THE RESPONSE
SUBSTANCE THAT IS ABLE TO INDUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
IMMUNOGEN
SMALL MOLECULES THAT CAN BIND TO A LARGER CARRIER MOLECULE AND BEHAVE AS AN ANTIGEN
HAPTEN
WHAT SHOULD A HAPTEN DO TO BE ABLE TO EVOKE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
BIND WITH A SCHLEPPER OR CARRIER MOLECULE
TYPES OF HAPTENS
SIMPLE OR NONPRECIPITATING
COMPLEX OR PRECIPITATING
DIFFERENCE OF A SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HAPTEN
SIMPLE CAN COMBINE WITH AB, CANNOT PRECIPITATE
COMPLEX CAN COMBINE WITH AB, CAN PRODUCE PRECIPITATES
LARGER MOLECULES ATTACHED TO HAPTENS
SCHLEPPER MOLECULES
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A HAPTEN BINDS WITH A SCHLEPPER MOLECULE
CAN IVOKE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
OTHER TERM FOR HAPTEN
INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE ANTIGE
THEIR ABILITY TO STIMULATE AN AB RESPONSE BY THEMSELVES
EXAMPLES OF COMPLETE ANTIGENS
BACTERIAL CELLS AND PROTEINS
PART OF THE ANTIGEN THAT IS PROTEIN IN NATURE
CARRIER
PART OF AN ANTIGEN THAT IS NOT PROTEIN IN NATURE
HAPTEN
WILL A MOLECULE THAT IS LESS THAN 5,000 D EVOKE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
NO
DO ANTIGENS HAVE MULTIPLE EPITOPES
YES
FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNOGENICITY
FOREIGNNESS
SIZE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COMPLEXITY
ROUTE, DOSAGE, AND TIMING
DEGRADABILITY
SAME INDIVIDUAL
SAME SPECIES
AUTOLOGOUS ANTIGEN
AUTOANTIGEN
ANTIGENS THAT DON’T USUALLY COME IN CONTACT WITH ANTIBODIES BUT ARE PRESENT WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL
SEQUESTERED ANTIGENS
ANTIGEN THAT IS UNIQUE TO CERTAIN ORGANS
TISSUE SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
ANTIGENS FOUND IN INDIVIDUALS OF AN INBRED STRAIN WHO ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
SYNGENEIC ANTIGEN
SAME SPECIES
DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL
ALLOGENEIC
HOMOLOGOUS ANTIGEN
ALLOANTIGEN
DIFFERENT SPECIES
DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL
XENOGENEIC
HETEROLOGOUS ANTIGEN
HERTEROANTIGEN
ANTIGENS THAT OCCUR IN DIFFERENT SPECIES AND HAS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SOME INFECTIONS
HETEROPHILE ANTIGENS
HETEROGENEIC ANTIGENS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A POTENTIAL ANTIGEN
MW > 10,000 DALTONS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A GOOD IMMUNOGEN
MW = 40,000 DALTONS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AN EXCELLENT IMMUNOGEN
MW >1,000,000 DALTONS
REASON WHY PROTEINS ARE THE IMMUNOGENS
MORE STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX
HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT
MOST TO LEAST COMPLEX MOLECULES
PROTEINS > POLYSACCHARIDES > LIPIDS > NUCLEIC ACIDS
MOLECULE THAT IS NOT IMMUNODOMINANT
NUCLEIC ACIDS
SECOND BEST IMMUNOGENIC MOLECULE
POLYSACCHARIDES
WHY ARENT POLYSACCHARIDES BETTER THAN PROTEINS AT BEING IMMUNOGENIC
MOLECULE IS NOT IN CONTACT LONG ENOUGH TO INDUCE A REACTION
SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAPID DEGRADATION
WEAK AND PARTIAL
MOST EFFECTIVE ROUTES FOR ANTIGENS
INTRAEDRMAL
INTRAVENOUS
SHOULD AN ANTIGEN BE INSOLUBLE OR SOLUBLE FOR IT TO BE EFFECTIVE
INSOLUBLE
SPECIALIZED ANTIGENS THAT MISGUIDE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
SUPERANTIGENS
MECHANISM OF SUPERANTIGENS
SKIP THE ANTIGEN PROCESSING PROCESS AND STIMULATE NONSPECIFIC T CELL ACTIVATION
MASS ACTIVATION OF T CELLS INCREASES INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKINS
WHAT IS AN AUTOGRAFT
GRAFT TRANSFERRED FROM ONE POSITION TO ANOTHER IN THE SAME INDIVIDUAL
WHAT IS A SYNGRAFT
GRAFT TRANSPLANTED BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUT IDENTICAL RECIPIENT AND DONOR
WHAT IS AN ALLOGRAFT O HOMOGRAFT
GRAFT BETWEEN GENETICALLY DIFFERENT RECIPIENT AND DONORS OF THE SAME SPECIES
WHAT IS A XENOGRAFT
GRAFT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
WHAT ARE OPSONINS
MOLECULES THAT ENHANCE PHAGOCYTOSIS
ADJUVANTS FOR T AND B CELLS
SYNTHETIC MURAMYL DIPEPTIDE
ADJUVANT FOR PHAGOCYTES
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE IN ABSORBED ANTIGENS
ADJUVANTS FOR THE HIV VACCINE
SQUALENE; MF59
SUBSTANCES ADMINISTERD WITH AN IMMUNOGEN TO INCREASE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
ADJUVANTS
CELLS THAT ADJUVANTS TARGET
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
MECHANISM OF ADJUVANTS
PROTECT IMMUNOGENS FROM DEGRADATION
ALLOW A LONGER RESPONSE TIME
ATTRACTION OF A LARGER AMOUNT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AT THE INJECTION SITE
TRUE OR FALSE
ADJUVANTS INCREASE THE NEED FOR BOOSTER IMMUNIZATIONS
FALSE
DECREASE THE NEED BECAUSE IT INCREASES IMMUNE RESPONSE FACTORS
TRUE OR FLASE
ALL TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE FOUND IN THE GAMMA REGION
FALSE
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
NEUTRALIZATION
OPSONIZATION
CELL DESTRUCTION
DESCRIBE THE NEUTRALIZATION MECHANISM OF ANTIBODIES
THEY INACTIVATE CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TO PREVENT THEM FROM BINDING TO THEIR TARGET CELLS
DESCRIBE THE OPSONIZATION MECHANISM OF ANTIBODIES
THEY COAT PATHOGENS WITH PROTEINS TO ENHANCE THE ENGULFMENT PROCESS
EXAMPLE OF EXTRAVASCULAR CELL DESTRUCTION MECHANISMS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
EXAMPLE OF INTRAVASCULAR CLEARANCE MECHANISMS
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
NEUTRALIZE TOXIC SUBSTANCES
FACILITATE PHAGOCYTOSIS
COMBINE WITH ANTIGENS OF CELLULAR SURFACES
SUBSTANCE PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO ANTIGENIC STIMULATION THAT IS CAPABLE OF SPECIFIC INTERACTION WITH THE IMMUNOGEN
ANTIBODIES
WHAT FEATURES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOCK-AND-KEY RELATIONSHIP OF AG AND AB BINDING
SPATIAL ORIENTATION
CHEMICAL COMPLEMENTARITY
DETERMINANT SITE OF AN IMMUNOGEN
EPITOPE
CELLS THAT RECOGNIZE EPITOPES
B OR T CELLS
TRUE OR FALSE
A SMALL AMOUNT OF AN IMMUNOGEN IS SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO INVOKE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
FALSE
WHAT HAPPENS TO A LYMPHOCYTE THAT REACTS WITH SELF ANTIGENS
ELIMINATED
Under normal conditions
TRUE OR FALSE
THE MORE DIFFERENT THE IMMUNOGEN IS FROM THE HOST, THE LESSER THE STIMULUS
FALSE
GREATER STIMULUS
ARE REPEATING UNITS WITH NO BENDING OR FOLDING IN THE MOLECULE GOOD IMMUNOGENS
NO
THEY ARE NONIMMUNOGENIC
AMINO ACIDS FOLLOWING ONE ANOTHER ON A SINGLE CHAIN
LINEAR EPITOPES
FOLDING OF ONE CHAIN OR MULTIPLE CHAINS RESULTS IN WHAT KIND OF EPITOPE
CONFORMATIONAL EPITOPE
TRUE OR FALSE
EPITOPES RECOGNIZED BY B AND T CELLS ARE ALWAYS THE SAME
FALSE
MAY DIFFER
TRUE OR FALSE
ANYTHING THAT IS CAPABLE OF CROSS-LINKING SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULES CAN TRIGGER B CELL ACTIVATION
TRUE
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO AN IMMUNOGEN FOR IT TO BE RECOGNIZED BY A T CELL
HAS TO BE DEGRADED INTO SMALL PEPTIDES BY AN APC
CAN HAPTENS TRIGGER PRECIPITATION OR AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS
NEITHER
A HAPTEN HAS A SINGLE DETERMINANT SITE AND CANNOT FORM CROSSLINKS WITH MORE THAN ONE ANTIBODY
HOW MANY DETERMINANT SITES DO HAPTENS HAVE
ONE