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IMMUNOSEROLOGY > [LAB] Antigen-Antibody Reaction > Flashcards

[LAB] Antigen-Antibody Reaction Flashcards

1
Q

THE VISIBLE MANIFESTATION OF AG-AB INTERACTION

A

AGGLUTINATION

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2
Q

PROPERTIES AND RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF AG AND AB ALLOW SUFFICIENT

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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3
Q

STABLE NETWORK FORMED BY THE BINDING OF AN ANTIBODY BINDING TO MORE THAN ONE ANTIGEN

A

LATTICE

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4
Q

PARTICLES NEEDED TO VISIBLY INDICATE THAT AN AG AND AB REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE

A

CARRIER PARTICLES

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5
Q

TWO STEP PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN A STABLE LATTICE FORMATION

A

AGGLUTINATION

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6
Q

EXAMPLE OF AN ARTIFICIAL CARRIER PARTICLE

A

LATEX PARTICLES

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7
Q

EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL CARRIER PARTICLE

A

RED BLOOD CELLS

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8
Q

BINDING SITE IN AGGLUTINATION

A

FAB FRAGMENT

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9
Q

AG-AB COMBINATION THROUGH SINGLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON THE PARTICLE SURFACE

A

SENSITIZATION

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10
Q

IS SENSITIZATION A REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION

A

YES

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11
Q

IS THE AG-AB BINDING REACTION REVERSIBLE

A

YES

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12
Q

LAW THAT GOVERNS AG-AB BINDING

A

LAW OF MASS
LAW OF MASS ORDER

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13
Q

WHAT IS THE LAW OF MASS

A

FREE REACTANTS TARE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH BOUND REACTANTS

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14
Q

INITIAL FORCE OF ATTRACTION

A

AFFINITY

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15
Q

TYPE OF BONDS THAT HOLD AG-AB TOGETHER

A

NONCOVALENT BONDS

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
THERE IS NO NEED FOR A CLOSE FIT BETEEN AG-AB

A

FALSE

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17
Q

DOES THE STRENGTH OF ATTRACTION DEPEND ON THE SPECIFICITY OF AN AB FOR A PARTICULAR AG

A

YES

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18
Q

THE REACTION OF AB WITH AG THAT ARE STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO THE ORIGINAL AG THAT INDUCED ITS AB PRODUCTION

A

CROSS REACTIVITY

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19
Q

FUNCTIONAL COMBINING STRENGTH OF AN AB WITH ITS AG

A

AVIDITY

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20
Q

THE SUM OF ALL THE ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN AN AG AND AB

A

AVIDITY

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
HIGH AVIDITY CANNOT COMPENSATE FOR LOW AFFINITY

A

FALSE
AVIDITY CAN COMPENSATE FOR LOW AFFINITY

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22
Q

THE FORMATION OF CROSS LINKS THAT FORM THE VISIBLE AGGREGATES

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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23
Q

THE STABILIZATION OF AG-AB COMPLEXES WITH THE BINDING OF MULTIPLE AG DETERMINANTS

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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24
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT AGGLUTINATION

A

NATURE AND CLASS OF AB MOLECULES
AG-AB RATIO
PARTICLE CHARGE
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
NATURE OF THE AG-BEARING SURFACE
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARTICLES

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25
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS MORE EFFICIENT AT AGGLUTINATION

A

IgM

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26
Q

WHY ARENT IgG ABs ABLE TO OVERCOME ELECTROSTATIC FORCES BETWEEN CELLS

A

BECAUSE THEY ARE TOO SMALL
COMPARED TO IGM WHICH ARE LARGER

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27
Q

PHENOMENON WHERE AB>AG

A

PROZONE PHENOMENON

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28
Q

PHENOMENON WHERE AG=AB

A

ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE

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29
Q

PHENOMENON WHERE AG>AB

A

POSTZONE PHENOMENON

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30
Q

NET NEGATIVE CHARGE

A

ZETA POTENTIAL

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31
Q

ZONE IN WHICH OPTIMUM PRECIPITATION OCCURS

A

ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE

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32
Q

FOR A PRECIPITATION REACTION TO BE DETECTABLE, THE REACTION MUST OCCUR WHERE

A

IN THE
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE

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33
Q

PHENOMENON IN WHEREIN EXCESSIVE ANTIBODY CONCENTRATION IS PRESENT

A

PROZONE PHENOMENON

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34
Q

RESULT OF A PROZONE PHENOMENON

A

FALSE NEGATIVE

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35
Q

WHAT OCCURS IN A PROZONE PHENOMENON

A

AG COMBINES WITH ONLY ONE OR TWO AB MOLECULES
NO CROSS LINKS ARE FORMED

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36
Q

SOLUTION TO A PROZONE PHENOMENON

A

SERIAL DILUTION THE SERUM UNTIL OPTIMUM AMOUNTS OF AG AND AB ARE PRESENT

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37
Q

EXCESS OF ANTIGEN

A

POSTZONE PHENOMENON

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38
Q

PHENOMENON IN WHEREIN EXCESSIVE ANTIGEN CONCENTRATION IS PRESENT

A

POSTZONE PHENOMENON

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39
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE POSTZONE PHENOMENON

A

EXCESS ANTIGEN IS PRESENT
NO LATTICE FORMATION IS ESTABLISHED
TOO MUCH AG CAN BLOCK THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF AB

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40
Q

SOLUTION TO A POSTZONE PHENOMENON

A

RECOLLECT BLOOD SPECIMEN 1 OR MORE WEEKS LATER

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41
Q

[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL] ACTION OF
ENZYME PRETREATMENT OF RED BLOOD CELLS

A

REMOVES NEGATIVELY CHARGED SIALIC ACID RESIDUES FROM CELL SURFACE MEMBRANES

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42
Q

[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL] ACTION OF
THE ADDITION OF COLLOIDS

A

INCREASES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENT

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43
Q

[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL]
ACTION OF CENTRIFUGATION

A

MECHANICAL PROCESS TO FORE RED BLOOD CELLS CLOSER TOGETHER

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44
Q

THE REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL ENHANCES. WHAT

A

AGGLUTINATION

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45
Q

[PHYSICAL CONDITIONS FOR AGGLUTINATION]
OPTIMUM PH

A

NEAR PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITIONS
OPTIMUM PH OF 6.5 TO 7.5

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46
Q

WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULIN IS COLD REACTING

A

IGM

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47
Q

WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULIN IS WARM REACTING

A

IGG

48
Q

INCUBATION TIME RANGE FOR AGGLUTINATION TO OCCUR

A

15 TO 60 MINUTES

49
Q

THE DURATION OF INCUBATION REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM RESULTS DEPEND ON WHAT

A

THE RATE OF ASSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATION OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

50
Q

THIS OCCURS WHENEVER A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN ANTIGENIC RECEPTOR SITE OT THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OCCURS

A

STERIC HINDRANCE

51
Q

SLOWING OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS DUE TO STERIC BULK

A

STERIC HINDRANCE

52
Q

ARE ANTIBODIES ABLE TO MAKE CONTACT WITH ANTIGENIC SITES EVEN IF THEY ARE SMALL AND/OR BURIED DEEPLY IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

A

NO

53
Q

[BONDS]
ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITE CHARGES

A

ELECTROSTATIC FORCES

54
Q

[BONDS]
HYDROGEN SHARED BETWEEN ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOMS

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

55
Q

[BONDS]
FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTRON CLOUDS AROUND MOLECULES OPPOSITELY POLARIZE NEIGHBORING ATOMS

A

VAN DER WAALS FORCES

56
Q

[BONDS]
HYDROPHOBIC GROUPS INTERACT UNFAVORABLY WITH WATER AND TEND TO PACK TOGETHER TO EXCLUDE WATER MOLECULES

THE ATTRACTION ALSO INVOLVES VAN DER WAALS FORCES

A

HYDROPHOBIC FORCES

57
Q

END RESULT OF ERYTHROCYTES IN AN AGGLUTINATION REACTION

A

RUPTURE OR HEMOLYSIS

58
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
ONE SOLID CLUMP

A

4+

59
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
SEVERAL LARGE CLUMPS

A

3+

60
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
NUMEROUS SMALLER CLUMPS

A

2+

61
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
BARELY DISCERNIBLE CLUMPS

A

1+

62
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
SMOOTH SUSPENSION

A

NEGATIVE

63
Q

[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
COMPLETE AGGREGATES WITH A BACKGROUND OF UNAGGLUTINATED RBCS

A

MF
MIXED FIELD

64
Q

[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
LARGE CLUMPS AND CLEAR BACKGROUND

A

STRONG AGGLUTINATION

65
Q

[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
SMALL CLUMPS AND CLOUDY BACKGROUND

A

WEAK AGGLUTINATION

66
Q

[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
EVEN SUSPENSION AND CLOUDY BACKGROUND

A

NEGATIVE

67
Q

FALSE APPEARANCE OF CLUMPING

A

PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION

68
Q

RARELY OCCURS DUE TO ROULEAUX FORMATION

A

PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION

69
Q

APPEARANCE OF PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION

A

STACK OF COIN APPEARANCE
DUE T ROULEAUX FORMATION

70
Q

SOLUTION TO FIX PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION

A

SALINE REPLACEMENT

71
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR REAGENTS CAUSING PARTICLES TO CLUMP

A

FALSE POSITIVE

USE CLEAN EQUIPMENT
USE NEGATIVE QC STEPS

72
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

AUTOAGGLUTINATION

A

FALSE POSITIVE

USE CONTROL WITH SALINE AND NO AB AS A NEGATIVE CONTROL
IF RESULT IS POSITIVE = PATIENT’S RESULT IS INVALID

73
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

DELAY IN READING SLIDE REACTIONS
DRYING OUT OF MIXTURE

A

FALSE POSITIVE

DRYING CAUSES FAKE CLUMPING
FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS

74
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

OVERCENTRIFUGATION

A

FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS
Overcentrifugation causes particles to clump too tightly

CALIBRATE CENTRIFUGE

75
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

INADEQUATE WASHING OF RED BLOOD CELLS

A

FALSE NEGATIVE
Inadequate washing will result in unbound immunoglobulins
Reagent will become neutralized

WASH CELLS PROPERLY
USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QC STEPS

76
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

FAILURE TO ADD AHG REAGENT

A

FALSE NEGATIVE

USE POSITIVE QC STEPS

77
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

CONTAMINATED OR EXPIRED REAGENTS

A

USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QC STEPS

78
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

IMPROPER INCUBATION

A

FALSE NEGATIVE

FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROL STEPS

79
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

UNDERCENTRIFUGATION

A

FALSE NEGATIVE
Molecules wont clump properly

CALIBRATE CENTRIFUGE

80
Q

[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]

PROZONE PHENOMENON

A

DILUTE PATIENT SERUM CONTAINING AB
REPEAT PROCEDURE

81
Q

2 TYPES OF DIRECT IMMUNE AGGLUTINATION

A

HEMAGGLUTINATION
BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION

82
Q

DETECT ANTIGENS ON RBCS USING KNOWN ANTISERA

A

HEMAGGLUTINATION
EX: FORWARD TYPING

83
Q

DETECT ANTIBODIES TO RBCS BY USING KNOWN ANTIGENS

A

HEMAGGLUTINATION
EX: REVERSE TYPING

84
Q

DETECT BACTERIAL ANTIGENS USING KNOWN ANTISERA

A

BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION

85
Q

DETECT ANTIBODIES TO BACTERIA BY USING KNOWN WHOLE PATHOGENS

A

BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION

86
Q

UNIVERSAL BLOOD DONORS

A

TYPE O
Lacks both A and B antigens

87
Q

IN DETERMINING THE PHENOTYPE FOR THE ABO BLOOD SYSTEM

A. O is dominant over A
B. B is dominant over A
C. O is recessive
D. All of the Above

A

C. O IS RECESSIVE
A and B are codominant over O

88
Q

[BLOOD TYPING]
SAMPLE AGGLUTINATE WITH BOTH ANTI-A AND B

A

TYPE O

89
Q

[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM AGGLUTINATES WITH ANTI-A

A

TYPE B

90
Q

[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM AGGLUTINATES WITH ANTI-B

A

TYPE A

91
Q

[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM DOES NOT AGGLUTINATE WITH BOTH ANTI-A AND B

A

TYPE AB

92
Q

BACTERIAL ANTIGENS OCCUR ON WHAT PART OF THE BACTERIA

A

CELL SURFACE
FLAGELLA

93
Q

EXAMPLE OF BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION TEST USING WHOLE KNOWN PATHOGENS

A

WIDAL TEST
Detection of febrile agglutinins

94
Q

2 TYPES OF DIRECT NONIMMUNE HEMAGGLUTINATION

A

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION
HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

95
Q

REACTION THAT CAUSES THE CLUMPING OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF EVELOPED VIRUSES

A

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION

96
Q

USED TO TITRATE THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO A VIRAL INFECTION

A

HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

97
Q

INDICATOR CELLS IN HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

A

RED BLOOD CELLS

98
Q

PROCEDURE OF HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

A

PATIENT’S SERUM + HEMAGGLUTINATING VIRAL ANTIGEN
EXPOSE TO RED CELLS
RESULT:
(+) NO HEMAGGLUTINATION
(-) YES HEMAGGLUTINATION

99
Q

PRINCIPLE OF AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

A

BASED ON COMPETITION BETWEEN PARTICULATE AND SOLUBLE ANTIGENS FOR LIMITED ANTIBODY COMBINING SITE

100
Q

PROCEDURE OF AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

A

REAGENT AB + PX SAMPLE
RESULT:
(+) Pxn Ag is present = NO AGGLUTINATION
(-) Pxn Ag is absent = YES AGGLUTINATION

101
Q

THE SENSITIVITY OF THE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTION IS GOVERNED BY WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ANTIBODY

A

AVIDITY

102
Q

REACTION WHERE THE AB DO NOT ATTACH TO ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS NATIVE TO THE CARRIER
BUT TO THE ANTIGENS ANCHORED TO THE CARRIERS

A

INDIRECT OR PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

103
Q

TYPES OF PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

A

PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
LATEX AGGLUTINATION

104
Q

PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION IS USED TO TEST FOR

A

RUBELLA ABS

105
Q

LATEX AGGLUTINATION IS USED FOR TESTING

A

RUBELLA ABS

106
Q

LATEX PARTICLES COATED WITH AB IS REACTED WITH AG PRESENT IN PXN SAMPLE

A

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

107
Q

USED TO MEASURE LEVELS OF CERTAIN THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, HORMONES, AND PLASMA PROTEINS

A

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

108
Q

[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
CENTRIFUGATION

A

OVERCOMES THE PROBLEM OF DISTANCE
HIGH GRAVITATIONAL FORCE COUNTERACTS THE REPULSIVE EFFECTS
PHYSICALLY FORCES THE CELLS TOGETHER

109
Q

[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

A

ZETA POTENTIAL IS ALTERED
REMOVE SURFACE SURFACE SIALIC ACID RESIDUES
NEGATIVE CHARGES ON THE CELL MEMBRANE ARE REMOVED

110
Q

COMMONLY USED PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

A

BROMELIN
PAPIN
TRYPSIN
FICIN

111
Q

[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
ADDITION OF COLLOIDS

A

IGG AB WILL AGGLUTINATE IF THE ZETA POTENTIAL IS ADJUSTED
ADDITION OF COLLOIDS AND SALTS

112
Q

[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
ADDITION OF AHG

A

DETECTS INVIVO SENSITIZATION OF RBCS WITH IGG OR COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS

113
Q

USED TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE OF A PARTICULAR AB IN A PATIENT

A

INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST

114
Q

USED TO TYPE PATIENT RCS FOR SPECIFIC BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

A

INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST

115
Q

PROCESS OF INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST

A

WASHED RBCS AND AB ARE COMBINED AT 37C
CELLS ARE WASHED AGAIN TO REMOVE ANY UNBOUND AB

116
Q

WAYS ON HOW TO CONTROL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

A

DECREASE BUFFER’S IONIC STRENTG
USE LOW IONIC STRENGTH SALINE

ADD ALBUMIN
Neutralizes the surface charge and allows RBCs to approach each other more closely

ADD DEXTRAN OR POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
Increase Viscosity

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (11 decks)

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