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botany: first year > Lec 9: Herbs and Essential Oils > Flashcards

Lec 9: Herbs and Essential Oils Flashcards

1
Q

Describing words Spices are associated with…

A

feistiness, piquancy, and pungency

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2
Q

spices are from plants growing in

A

plants growing in tropical regions

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3
Q

herbs evoke thought of

A

pastoral scenes, old fashioned setting, home remedies, and sublet flavors

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4
Q

herbs are plants grown in

A

temperate regions

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5
Q

herb is an abbreviation of

A

herbaceous

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6
Q

herbs:

A

non-woody plants where the leaves are primarily used (sometimes fruit as well)

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7
Q

depending upon the species, spices can be derived from either the

A

dried bark, roots, fruit, or seeds

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8
Q

plant essential oils are the source of

A

aroma

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9
Q

herbs and spices produce small amounts of odors useful for

A
  • culinary
  • herbal medicine
  • perfume industries
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10
Q

essential oils:

A

volatile terpenes or phenols responsible for the characteristic aroma of a certain species

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11
Q

essential oils are produced in

A

trichomes

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12
Q

essential oils occur in specialized multicellular structures known as

A

glandular trichomes, oil glands or oil vessels.

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13
Q

essential oils role

A

attract animals to flowers for pollination or to fruits for seed dispersion

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14
Q

essential oils are secondary plant products meaning

A

they aren’t critical for growth and development of plants

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15
Q

allelopathy

A

the effect a chemical from one plant can have on another plant in the same environment

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16
Q

allelopathy can be produced to

A

prevent growth or germination if other plants around them

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17
Q

essential oils can also function as

A

anti-feedants

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18
Q

anti-feedant

A

deterrent against insects but doesnt affect large animals in small amounts

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19
Q

anti-feedants kill

A

fruit fly eggs

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20
Q

herbs and spices were originally used to

A

mask or prevent spoilage

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21
Q

aromatic plants were burned (incense) to

A

communicate with spiritual world

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22
Q

perfume means

A

“per fumus” meaning “by smoke”

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23
Q

herbs and spices were used in Ancient Egypt …

A

medicinally and you preserve the dead

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24
Q

Ebers Papyrus refers to

A

medicinal herbs

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25
Q

egyptians used ___________…. for medicine

A
  • myrrh
  • cassia
  • cinnamon
  • cumin
  • anise
  • marjoram
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26
Q

Greece expanded

A

the spice trade routes

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27
Q

trade center for Mediterranean

A

Alexandria

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28
Q

Hippocrates used

A

herbs for medicine

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29
Q

Theophrastus noted a link between…

A

the dry mediterranean climate and aromatic herbs

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30
Q

herbs used to counter

A

imbalances in bodily humors

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31
Q

4 earthly elements are associated with

A

4 bodily humors

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32
Q

4 bodily humors

A
  • blood
  • phlegm
  • black bile
  • yellow bile
33
Q

fire represents

A

yellow bile

34
Q

earth represents

A

black bile

35
Q

water represents

A

phlegm

36
Q

blood represents

A

air

37
Q

herbs and spices are classified as

A

hot and dry or cold and wet

38
Q

global expeditions during Renaissance era were associated with

A

a desire for exotic spices

39
Q

Magellan discovered the Spice Islands of

A

Molucca

40
Q

Molucca is the original source of

A

nutmeg and clove

41
Q

What family are Herbs from

A

mint and parsley

42
Q

Mint family herbs are defined as

A

powerful plant leaves

43
Q

Mint family originated near

A

coastal regions of the Mediterranean sea.\

44
Q

mint anatomy

A
  • square stems
  • leaves from an alternate
  • flowers are bilabiate (2 lips)
45
Q

salvia (sage) means

A

to cure

46
Q

sage anatomy

A

wiry stems, grey-green leaves w trichomes

47
Q

sage uses

A
  • for sore throats
  • poor digestion
  • mild stimulating tonic
48
Q

essential oil of sage is produced in

A

leaf glandular trichomes

49
Q

Thujone contains what properties

A

antiseptic and carminative

50
Q

antiseptic

A

aids with digestion

51
Q

carminative

A

reduces build-up of gas in the intestinal tract

52
Q

Rosmarinus (rosemary) means

A

“dew” or “spray” and manirus means “sea”

53
Q

volatile oil of rosemary contains a mixture of compounds including

A

borneol, camphene, camphor, and cineole

54
Q

rosemary contains the antioxidant

A

rosmarinic acid

55
Q

rosemary has what properties

A
  • soothing
  • reduces memory loss
  • oils are useful in perfumed + conditioners and are effective against dandruff
56
Q

rosemary is an anti-carcinogen as

A

it is high in antioxidants

57
Q

thyme genus is greek for

A

to fumigate (used in incense)

58
Q

thyme is native to

A

mediterranean

59
Q

thyme contains a phenol called

A

thymol

60
Q

thymol properties

A

antiseptic properties used in mouth wash and cough drops

61
Q

Lavandula (lavender) means

A

to wash

62
Q

distinct mint family herbs of Origanum genus

A

oregano and marjoram

63
Q

oregano aroma is associated with

A

carvacrol and thymol

64
Q

thymol marjoram is

A

more mild in taste

65
Q

oregano rose in popularity during

A

WW2 when more Italian foods were brought to america

66
Q

basil native to

A

india

67
Q

basil flavor

A

sweet and aromatic due to oil glands on lower side of leaf

68
Q

parsley family incudes

A

parsley, dill, anise, coriander, cumin, and caraway

69
Q

parsley family flowers include

A

perennials, biennials, annuals

70
Q

parsley commercial grown for

A

1 year

71
Q

Apiaceae plants contain

A

umbel inflorescence and alternate compound leaves

72
Q

where are essential oils found in Apiaceae

A

within the leaves except for anise, caraway, coriander

73
Q

Apiaceae fruit anatomy

A

a dry schizocarp, with each half containing a single seed

74
Q

Apiaceae fruit aroma occurs in

A

fruit walls

75
Q

Coriandrum sativum is the source of 2 distinct herbs

A
  1. leaves as cilantro

2. fruit as coriander

76
Q

best known Apiaceae herb

A

parsley

77
Q

parsley is a symbol of

A

victory and death in ancient greece

78
Q

natural breath freshener

A

parsley

79
Q

parsley was first used by Romans for

A

culinary purposes

botany: first year (13 decks)

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