Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Neuro > Lec 9 > Flashcards

Lec 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three important points about hormones?

A
  1. Hormones act in gradual fashion
  2. Hormones often have pulsatile secretion-in bursts
  3. Some hormones are controlled by circadian clocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four details of neural?

A
  1. Millimeters
  2. Milliseconds
  3. Precise
  4. All or none
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four details of hormonal?

A
  1. Up to meters
  2. Minutes/hours/days
  3. Diffuse
  4. Graded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the process of the endocrine feedback loop?

A

Starts at the hypothalamus releasing TRH getting to the Anterior pituitary which changed it to TSH which then gets to the Thyroid gland which releases thyroid hormones which reach target cells. The TSH goes back when it’s enough.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the endocrine feedback loops there are 2 hormones, what are they?

A
  1. Tropic hormones: pituitary hormones that affect other endocrine glands (TRH)
  2. Releasing hormones: from hypothalamus control pituitary’s release of tropic hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A
  1. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)) raises blood pressure and inhibits urine formation. DIRECT SIGNAL
  2. Oxytocin- Maternal behavior/bonding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is goiter?

A

Goiter is swelling of the thyroid gland from iodine deficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the thyroid hormone contain thats important?

A

It contain iodine and depends on its supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

Results from long-term excess glucocorticoids, with fatigue and depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback systems are the main homeostatic mechanisms if a desired set point is deviated from, compensatory action begins.
Homeostasis helps derive physiological motivation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the major control of homeostasis? What is the preoptic area?

A

Hypothalamus

Preoptic areas: the thermostat of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hypovolemic thirst? What does it cause release of?

A

Is stimulated by low extracellular/intravascular volume.
Triggered by LOSS OF WATER VOLUME
Baroreceptors in blood vessels and heart detect the initial drop. Brain activated thirst and salt craving and arteries constrict to raise BP.
Causes release of Vasopressin- reduces blood flow to the bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is osmotic thirst?

A

Stimulated by high extracellular solute concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main component of angiotensin cascade?

A

If blood volume decreases, kidneys release renin, which triggers formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin is released in hypovolemic thirst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the angiotensin II act?

A

In the subfornical organ to signal other brain sites to initiate drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What responds to blood osmotic pressure? What happens to the cell membranes? How do they respond?

A

Osmosensory neurons in anterior hypothalamus (OVLT). Their cell membranes shrink, opening mechanical-gated NA+ channels.
They respond by causing the pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone

17
Q

What is the gustatory pathway?

A

Neurons from the tongue project through the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and thalamus to the insula (the primary gustatory cortex)

18
Q

What are the mechanisms for dietary selection?

A
  1. Sensory-specific satiety
    Food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices. Area NST of the Medulla
  2. Learned taste aversion
    Avoiding food associated w/ illness or poor nutrition
  3. Learned taste preference
    Preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrient
19
Q

What is the principle fuel for energy?

A

Glucose

20
Q

What form is glucose stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen

21
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Converting glucose to glycogen, need INSULIN, this decreases glucose levels in the blood

22
Q

What is needed to change glycogen back into glucose?

A

Glucagon

23
Q

What is cortisol and where is it produced? What increases cortisol levels?

A

It is the stress hormone
It is produced in the adrenal glands
Both short term and chronic stress

24
Q

What leads to the release of cortisol levels?

A

Low blood glucose concentration leads to its release, so levels are highest before a meal

25
Q

What do fat cells produce and where is it secreted?

A

Fat cells produce Leptin and it is secreted in the bloodstream

26
Q

What do deficits in leptin production or receptor sensitivity do?

A

Gove a falsely low report of body fat, causing animals to over eat.

27
Q

What resistance do obese people have?

A

Obese people are leptin resistant

28
Q

What does over-nutrition do?

A

It inflames the hypothalamus-obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

29
Q

What else secretes leptin?

A

Adipose tissue, so less adipose tissue means less leptin, sending the signal to continue eating

30
Q

What is Ghrelin and what is it released by? When does it rise and drop? In what syndrome are Ghrelin levels elevated?

A

Ghrelin is an appetite stimulant, it is released by endocrine cells
Rises during fasting; drops after eating
Elevated in Prader-Willi

31
Q

What is the hunger control center?

A

The hypothalamus

32
Q

What happens if the lateral hypothalamus is lesioned?

A

Refusal to eat but they stabilize their weight at a new, lower level

33
Q

What happens if the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned?

A

Causes obesity

34
Q

What are the two sets of neurons in the hypothalamus?

A
  1. NPY/AgRP: produce neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide: stimulate appetite and lower metabolism which leads to WEIGHT GAIN
  2. POMC/CART neurons produce pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine - and amphetamine-related transcript (CART): inhibit appetite when stimulated and raise metabolism which leads to WEIGHT LOSS
35
Q

What is the deal with diets?

A

Energy expenditure is adjusted in response to nutrition
At the start of a diet, the basal metabolic rate will FALL to PREVENT losing weight
Body will work to maintain its set point even if that set point is too high

Intro to Neuro (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions