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Intro to Neuro > Lec 8 > Flashcards

Lec 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nicotine and what does it do?

A

Nicotine is the primary psychoactive and addictive drug in tobacco.
In the PNS it causes muscle activation and twitching.
In the CNS is causes increased alertness and decreased reaction time.
It activate nicotinic ACh receptors in the Ventral Tegmental area (DA)

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2
Q

More about Nicotine…

A

Nicotine is not the cause of death in smokers, other chemical components are.
Primary cause of preventable death in the world
Only 5% of each attempt to stop are successful; about the same statistic for heroin.

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3
Q

What is Amphetamine?

A

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine are synthetic stimulants.

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4
Q

What does Amphetamine and Methamphetamine do?

A

They block the re-uptake and increase release of Catecholamines.

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5
Q

What are the effects of Amphetamines?

A

Short term: alertness, euphoria and stamina.

Long term: sleepiness, weight loss, schizophrenic symptoms.

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6
Q

What drugs are used for treating ADHD?

A

Amphetamine like drugs
Adderall-dextroamphetamine
Ritalin-methylphenidate
Strattera-atomoxetine

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7
Q

Where does stimulant medication increase activity?

A

Prefrontal cortex, some subcortical regions, and cerebellum. All centers for executive function

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8
Q

What are the cortico-thalamic networks? What does medication do to them?

A

They control inhibitory attentional and impulse control systems and process internal and external stimuli. ADHD medication stimulates these inhibitory networks.

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9
Q

What are our depressants?

A

Alcohol, Anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates

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10
Q

What effects does Alcohol have?

A

In low doses: Stimulates, turning off cortical inhibition, reducing social constraints and anxiety.
At higher doses: sedative effect
Its’ effects are biphasic

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11
Q

What effect does alcohol have on neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate: inhibits
GABA: Acts as GABA-a receptor to increase binding of GABa (which is inhibitory)
The combined effect of Glutamate and GABA is sedation, anxiety reduction, muscle relaxation, inhibited cognitive motor skills.
Pleasurable effects from stimulation of dopamine, opiate, serotonin, and cannabinoid receptors.
Seizures during alcohol withdrawal are due in part to compensatory increase in the number of glutamate receptors over time.

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12
Q

What neurons does alcohol damage?

A

It damages neurons in the cerebellum and the frontal lobe. BUT they can recover

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13
Q

What do chronic alcohol users have more of and less of?

A

Chronic alcohol users have less cortical gray matter and have bigger lateral ventricles.

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14
Q

What are the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Discriminating features?

A 
Short palpebral fissures 
Flat midface 
Short nose 
Indistinct philtrum 
Thin upper lip
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15
Q

What are the associated features?

A

Epicanthal folds
Low nasal bridge
Minor ear anomalies
Micrognathia

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16
Q

What are Anxiolytics

A

Tranquilizers, reduce nervous system activity.

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17
Q

What is our main anxiolytic?

A

Benzodiazepine agonists act on GABA-a receptors and enhance inhibitory effects of GABA via Cl- influx

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18
Q

What is our endogenous benzodiazepine?

A

Allopregnanolone

19
Q

What are barbiturates?

A

Barbiturates block sodium ion channels on neurons to prevent inflow of sodium ions.
Also increase flow of chloride ions across the neuronal membrane.

20
Q

What are our anti-depressants?

A

MAOIs. Tricyclics. SSRIS and SNRIS

21
Q

What are MAOIs?

A

They prevent the breakdown of monoamines at the synapse. Accumulation of monoamines is the major action of antidepressants.
Follow a dopamine molecule from vesicle to its release and binding to its destruction by MAO.

22
Q

What are the two main modern classes of anti-depressants?

A

Tricyclics (older): increase norepinephrine and serotonin at synapses by blocking their re-uptake into presynaptic axon terminals.
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac or Zoloft cause serotonin to accumulate in synapses, w/ fewer side effects than tricycles.
Also have SNRIs

23
Q

What modern class of antidepressants has fewer side effects?

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

24
Q

What are antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs?

A

Class of drugs to treat schizophrenia and aggressive behavior

25
Q

Typical neuroleptics are antagonists of what?

A

Dopamine (D-2)

26
Q

What are our psychedelics?

A

LSD, Phencyclidine (PCP), and Ecstacy

27
Q

What does LSD resemble?

A

LSD resembles serotonin

28
Q

What is PCP?

A

Glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist. Produces a feeling of depersonalization and detachment from reality. Its’ many side effects include combativeness and catatonia.

29
Q

What does Ecstasy (MDMA) do?

A

MDMA blocks the serotonin re-uptake transporter (which removes serotonin from the synapse); thus MDMA prolongs the serotonin signal and causes excessive release of serotonin and causes oxytocin release.

30
Q

What is the active ligand in Marijuana?

A

THC (tetrahydorcannabinoid). Brain has cannabinoid receptors that bind anandamide and 2-AG (2 arachidonoyl glycerol) (endocannabinoids) with many effects.

31
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A

Retrograde signaling molecules released to activate cannabinoid receptors on nearby neurons.

32
Q

What type of molecules are are endocannabinoids?

A

Lipophilic molecules, so they can’t be stored in vesicles, thus exist as part of the membrane and have to be synthesized on demand.

33
Q

Where are CB receptors concentrated in?

A

In brain areas that influence: pleasure, memory, concentration, time perception, appetite, pain and coordination

34
Q

Where does CB inhibit?

A

Basal Ganglia, Cerebral cortex, Cerebellum, Hippocampus and Spinal Cord.

35
Q

Where does CB excite?

A

Medulla (vomiting and trigger zone) and Hypothalamus (hunger, you et the munchies)

36
Q

What are Marijuanas effects? It has 4 main ones

A
  1. Impairs short term memory
  2. Slows reaction time
  3. Alters judgment and decision making
  4. Alter mood- euphoria; calmness; in high does, anxiety, paranoia
37
Q

What is the positive effect that is the basis for addiction?

A

Reward

38
Q

What is the major reward system?

A

Mesolimbocortical dopamine system

39
Q

Addiction and withdrawal are what?

A

Independent and physically separated.

40
Q

What is the relationship with rats and independence of addiction and withdrawal?

A

Rats WILL self inject morphine into VTA indicating the area is involved in addiction. but blocking opiate receptors there does not produce withdrawal.
Rats WILL NOT work to inject morphine into periventricular gray, so it is not involved in addiction. But once they are addicted, blocking opiate receptors in periventricular gray produces withdrawal.

41
Q

What is type 1 alcoholism?

A

Cautious and emotionally dependent
Drinking began after 25
Abstinence mixed w/ binge drinking

42
Q

What is type 2 alcoholism?

A

Impulsive, uninhibited, confident, socially detached
More likely male
Bare fights and reckless driving

43
Q

What percentage of genes contribute to addiction?

A

50%

Intro to Neuro (5 decks)

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