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Brain And Behavior Exam 4 > Lec 82 Child Development > Flashcards

Lec 82 Child Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is growth?

A

increase in tissue through size or number of cells

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2
Q

What is maturation?

A

sequential emergence of specific pre-determined capacities

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3
Q

What is development?

A

progression of functions and skills resulting from interaction between individual and their environment

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4
Q

What is development vs growth?

A 
growth = child getting bigger in size
development = how child able to do more complex things as he gets older
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5
Q

What are the 4 domains of development?

A
  • motor [gross and fine]
  • language
  • cognitive
  • social/emotional
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6
Q

At newborn what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor: basic reflexes [rooting, sucking, palmar, moro, plantar], limited purposeful movement
cognitive: sensorimotor = sense things
language: just crying, cannot localize sound

social/emotional:
- temperament = basically genetic

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7
Q

At 6 mo what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor: manipulating objects, grasping, purposeful movement, reach for objects, transfer object from hand to hand, sit on your own, roll over
cognitive: sensorimotor, not yet object permanence, has some working memory
language: coo by 2-4 mo, babble by 5-6 mo

social/emotional: looks at you but ignores you

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8
Q

At 1 yr what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor: most kids walking
cognitive: object permanence
language: say mama, dada, + one other word

social/emotional: can follow commands, achieved trust vs mistrust, has moved from differentiation to practicing, has separation anxiety

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9
Q

At 2 yr what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor: run, climb stairs, copy a line
cognitive: preoperational
language: 2 word phrases, about 250 words = synaptic density in wernicke/broca

social/emotional: say “no”, toilet training begins, anal stage/ shame/doubt, parallel play [play next to each other but not collaboratively]

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10
Q

At 3 yr what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor: ride tricycle [3 yrs = 3 wheels], copy a circle, toilet tratined
cognitive: preoperational
language: speaks sentences, grammar, knows full name

social/emotional: gender identity usually solidified, will not play cooperatively yet, object constancy, initiative vs guilt stage, freuds phallic phase

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11
Q

At latency period [age 6-11] what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

latency = less active psychosexual development

motor: not much new
cognitive: brain 90% of adult volume, by age 7 myelination complete but pruning in PFC continues, capable of paying attention, self-regulation, consideration of others, concrete operational thought, greater empathy/altruism, less egocentrism
language: not much new

social/emotional: sex preference often established

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12
Q

At adolescence what:

  • motor
  • cognitive
  • language
  • social/emotional
A

motor:
cognitive: capacity for abstraction, see from another’s point of view, hypotheticals, probabilities, moral reasoning, universal ethical principles

language:

social/emotional: self identity, knowing who you are/where you fit in

physical growth, puberty [females 9-11, males 2 yrs later]

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13
Q

When is baby able to coo by? babble?

A 
coo = 2-4 mo
babble = 5-6 mo
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14
Q

What are piaget’s 4 stages?

A
  1. sensorimotor [age 0 -2]
  2. preoperational [age 3-6]
  3. concrete operations [age 7-12]
  4. formal operations [age 13+]
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15
Q

What characterizes piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

age 0-2

- exploring environment through sensing things and learning how to manipulate their bodies

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16
Q

What characterizes piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

age 3-6 =preschool

  • has language without logic
  • magical thinking
  • animism [anything that moves is alive]
  • con concept real vs imaginary
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17
Q

What characterizes piaget’s concreate operations stage?

A

age 7-12

onset of logical thought

18
Q

What characterizes piaget’s formal operations stage?

A

age 13+

still has logic but now capable of abstract thought, imagining possibilities, hypotheticals

19
Q

What are thomas and chess different types of temperament?

A

easy = 80% = pretty able to be soothed/predictable

difficult = 10% = greater challenge to soother

slow to warm = 10% = at first seem difficult but when you spend time with them they become easy

20
Q

What are margaret mahler’s stages of attachment?

A
  1. normal autism
  2. symbiosis = by 2 mo
  3. differentiation = 4-5 mo
  4. practicing = by 1 yr
  5. Reapprochement = 1-2 yrs
  6. object constancy = 2-5 yrs
21
Q

What is normal autism?

A

during 1st few wks baby is in own world

does not interact much with the outside world = not aware of others

22
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • by 2 mo

baby fused with mom, has no sense that body is separate from mom

23
Q

What is differentiation?

A

by 4-5 mo

  • starts to separate from mom, look around, discover outside world, attention wanders, finds fingers/toes
  • develops transient stranger anxiety
24
Q

What is practicing?

A
  • at 1 yr
    walk, goes away from mom and ends up alone, hallmark of separation
  • conflicting desire to be independent and need for mothering/closeness
25
Q

What is rapprochement?

A

between ages 1-2 yrs

child goes out into the world, feels anxious, and comes back to check in with mom

26
Q

What is object constancy?

A

2-5 yrs
child internalizes mother as stale and reliable so can tolerate separation
develop sense that mother internalized no matter where kid goes, even in mom’s absence

27
Q

What are bolby and ainsworth attachment styles?

A

secure = reach object constancy, cry when parent leaves but tolerate and happy to see parent when returns

insecure = avoidant, disengaged, may treat mother/strangers equally, pathologically shy or ambivalent

28
Q

What are freud’s psychosexual stages?

A
  1. oral = 0-1 yrs, babies suck on things
  2. anal = 1-3 yrs, goes along with toilet training, preoccupied with bathroom, focus on controlling bowel movements
  3. genital = 3-5 yrs, interested in babies, opposite sex, playing with genitals
29
Q

What does a newborn need?

A

cognitive = ordinary stimuli

language = to hear, be talked to

social/emotional = basic needs [eating/sleeping/holding], basic trust

30
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 conflicts in life?

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
    - infancy, will my needs be met?
  2. autonomy vs shame/doubt
    - toddlerhood, want to do things for themselves, shame if can’t do it on their own
  3. initiative vs guilt
    - preschool, doing more elaborate things that involve planning feels good if goes well, guilt if doesn’t work out
  4. industry vs inferiority
    - school age, preoccupied with what they are good at and playing to their strengths
  5. identity vs role confusion
    - adolescence, who am I?
  6. intimacy vs isolation
    - young adulthood, who am I going to be with?
  7. generativity vs stagnation
    - middle age, am I being productive?
  8. integrity vs despair
    - old age, can I feel good about my life and what I have accomplished
31
Q

When does social smile begin?

A

age 2 months

32
Q

When can babies first sit up?

A

6 months

33
Q

When does object permanence begin? what is it?

A

begins at 8 mo
= begins to know even if something is out of sight, it is still there [before 8 mo –> if out of view, baby forgets it exists]
- baby really likes idea of peekaboo at that stage

34
Q

What happens to memory development over first 3-6 mo?

A

3 mo = recognition memory, hippocampal growth spurt

6mo = working memory = can hold idea in mind, increased activity in PFC

35
Q

When does stranger anxiety start?

A

occurs at age 8 mo with object permanence = starts to know who the caregivers are, gets whimpery if someone new tries to pick him up

36
Q

When does separation anxiety start? what is it?

A

occurs at age 10 mo = if caregiver left room baby would cry hysterically
oxytocin involved in bonding/attachment
occurs across cultures

37
Q

When do kids start to play cooperatively?

A

age 4

38
Q

What are the parts of concrete logical thought?

A
  • classification
  • seriation
  • reversibility
  • conservation = even when shape of objects change they still maintain other constant characteristics
39
Q

What is theory of moral development?

A

pre-conventional morality = until age 10: egocentric = what are consequences for me? does it satisfy my own needs?

conventional = after 10 = measured against society, desire to support stereotypically good behavior in eyes of society

post conventionally = most people never reach this, utilitarianism prevails and adults guided by universal moral principles

40
Q

What are the 3 types of parenting?

A
  • authoritarian
  • authoritative
  • permissive

Brain And Behavior Exam 4 (24 decks)

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