lec 8 social psych

Question 1

What is social psychology?

Answer 1

study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 2

What is attribution theory?

Answer 2

explains behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Question 3

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 3

-when analyzing others’ behavior
-tendency to underestimate impact of the situation and overestimate impact of personal disposition

Question 4

What is an attitude?

Answer 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way

Question 5

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Answer 5

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 6

What is a role in social psychology?

Answer 6

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position

Question 7

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 7

we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Question 8

What is peripheral route persuasion?

Answer 8

people are influenced by attention-getting cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Question 9

What is central route persuasion?

Answer 9

interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments.

Question 10

What are norms?

Answer 10

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Question 11

What is conformity?

Answer 11

Adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 12

What is normative social influence?

Answer 12

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 13

What is informational social influence?

Answer 13

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 14

What is social facilitation?

Answer 14

In the presence of others, improved performance on simple tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Question 15

What is social loafing?

Answer 15

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when individually accountable for a goal

Question 16

What is deindividuation?

Answer 16

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Question 17

What is group polarization?

Answer 17

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Question 18

What is groupthink?

Answer 18

the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 19

What is prejudice?

Answer 19

unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Question 20

What is a stereotype?

Answer 20

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Question 21

What is discrimination?

Answer 21

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Question 22

What is implicit bias?

Answer 22

Automatic associations that can influence individual judgments of or behavior toward people of a particular race, gender, or other group.

Question 23

What is the just-world phenomenon?

Answer 23

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 24

What is ingroup?

Answer 24

‘Us’—people with whom we share a common identity.

Question 25

What is outgroup?

Answer 25

'Them'—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Question 26

What is ingroup bias?

Answer 26

The tendency to favor our own group.

Question 27

What is scapegoat theory?

Answer 27

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 28

What is the other-race effect?

Answer 28

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. ## Footnote Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Question 29

What is aggression?

Answer 29

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Question 30

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

Answer 30

The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Question 31

What is a social script?

Answer 31

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Question 32

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 32

tendency for repeated exposure to novel(new) stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Question 33

What is passionate love?

Answer 33

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

Question 34

What is companionate love?

Answer 34

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for someone with whom our life is intertwined.

Question 35

What is equity in relationships?

Answer 35

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 36

What is self-disclosure?

Answer 36

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.

Question 37

What is altruism?

Answer 37

caring about the welfare of other people above oneself

Question 38

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 38

When a person takes less responsibility for something, or is less likely to act in a situation, due to the presence of others.

Question 39

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 39

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Question 40

What is social exchange theory?

Answer 40

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 41

What is the reciprocity norm?

Answer 41

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Question 42

What is the social-responsibility norm?

Answer 42

An expectation that people will help those needing their help.

Question 43

What is conflict in social psychology?

Answer 43

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Question 44

What is a social trap?

Answer 44

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Question 45

What are mirror-image perceptions?

Answer 45

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Question 46

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 46

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Question 47

What are superordinate goals?

Answer 47

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 48

What is GRIT?

Answer 48

(1) passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals (2) Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction involves one side initiating a breakthrough in the form of a concession or compromise on one of its demands