lec 8 social psych Flashcards
What is social psychology?
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
What is attribution theory?
explains behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
-when analyzing others’ behavior
-tendency to underestimate impact of the situation and overestimate impact of personal disposition
What is an attitude?
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
What is a role in social psychology?
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
What is peripheral route persuasion?
people are influenced by attention-getting cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
What is central route persuasion?
interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments.
What are norms?
Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
What is conformity?
Adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
What is normative social influence?
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
What is informational social influence?
Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
What is social facilitation?
In the presence of others, improved performance on simple tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.
What is social loafing?
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when individually accountable for a goal
What is deindividuation?
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
What is group polarization?
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
What is groupthink?
the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
What is prejudice?
unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
What is a stereotype?
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
What is discrimination?
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
What is implicit bias?
Automatic associations that can influence individual judgments of or behavior toward people of a particular race, gender, or other group.
What is the just-world phenomenon?
The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What is ingroup?
‘Us’—people with whom we share a common identity.
What is outgroup?
‘Them’—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
What is ingroup bias?
The tendency to favor our own group.
What is scapegoat theory?
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
What is the other-race effect?
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
What is aggression?
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
What is the frustration-aggression principle?
The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.
What is a social script?
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
What is the mere exposure effect?
tendency for repeated exposure to novel(new) stimuli to increase our liking of them.
What is passionate love?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
What is companionate love?
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for someone with whom our life is intertwined.
What is equity in relationships?
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
What is self-disclosure?
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
What is altruism?
caring about the welfare of other people above oneself
What is diffusion of responsibility?
When a person takes less responsibility for something, or is less likely to act in a situation, due to the presence of others.
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
What is social exchange theory?
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
What is the reciprocity norm?
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
What is the social-responsibility norm?
An expectation that people will help those needing their help.
What is conflict in social psychology?
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
What is a social trap?
A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
What are mirror-image perceptions?
Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
What are superordinate goals?
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
What is GRIT?
(1) passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
(2) Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
involves one side initiating a breakthrough in the form of a concession or compromise on one of its demands
