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lec 10 disorders and treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a psychological disorder?

A

A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives.

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2
Q

What is the medical model?

A

The concept that diseases, including psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured, usually through hospital treatment.

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3
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression without a DNA change.

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4
Q

What is DSM-5-TR?

A

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a widely used categorical system for classifying psychological disorders.

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5
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

-excessive fear and anxiety
-related maladaptive(unhealthy/unadaptive) behaviors.

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6
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

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7
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • continually tense, apprehensive
    -state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
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8
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

anxiety disorder
-unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread
-may experience terror and accompanying sensations like chest pain or choking

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9
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

-anxiety disorder
-persistent, irrational fear
-avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

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10
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

unwanted and repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
-actions (compulsions)
-or both.

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11
Q

What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

-haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia

-lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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12
Q

What are trauma- and stressor-related disorders?

A

exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress

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13
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder?

A

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

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14
Q

What is illness anxiety disorder?

A

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

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15
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

-five or more symptoms lasting 2 or more weeks
- at least one symptom being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.

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16
Q

What are depressive disorders?

A

-enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood
-physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function.

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17
Q

What are bipolar disorders?

A

-experiences the overexcited state of mania (or milder hypomania)
-experiences periods of depression.

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18
Q

What is mania? What are some things people experiencing mania may show?

A

-unusually excited and overly ambitious mood state
-dangerously poor judgment, less need for sleep, and increased energy.

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19
Q

What is rumination?

A

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.

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20
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

-delusions, hallucinations
-disorganized and/or diminished speech
-inappropriate emotional expression

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21
Q

What are psychotic disorders?

A

irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

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22
Q

What is a delusion?

A

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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23
Q

What is chronic schizophrenia?

A

-form of schizophrenia
-symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
-longer-lasting psychotic episodes as people age.

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24
Q

What is acute schizophrenia?

A

-form of schizophrenia
-can begin at any age
-occurs in response to a traumatic event
-recovery is much more likely.

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25
Q

What are dissociative disorders?

A

rare
disruption of normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.

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26
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.

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27
Q

What are personality disorders? When do they begin?

A

begin in adolescence or early adulthood

-long-term patterns of behavior and inner experiences that differ significantly from norms/expectations
-pervasive and inflexible
-stable over time
-cause distress or impairment

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28
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.

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29
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

-eating disorder
-maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight
-inaccurate self-perception.

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30
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

eating disorder
-binge eating is followed by weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

31
Q

What is binge-eating disorder?

A

-binge-eating episodes
-followed by distress, disgust, or guilt

-without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.

32
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders? When do they start?

A

Central nervous system developmental differences
-start in childhood
-alter thinking and behavior

33
Q

What is intellectual developmental disorder?

A

-limited mental ability
-IQ score of 70 or below
-difficulty adapting to the demands of life

34
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? When does it appear?

A

-appears in childhood
-limitations in communication and social interaction
-rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

35
Q

What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A

-extreme inattention and/or
-hyperactivity and impulsivity.

36
Q

What is psychotherapy?

A

-interactions b/w trained therapist and someone
-address psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

37
Q

What is biomedical therapy?

A

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.

38
Q

What is the eclectic approach?

A

An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

39
Q

What is psychoanalysis with respect to therapy?

A

therapeutic technique that releases previously repressed feelings

40
Q

What is resistance in psychoanalysis?

A

The blocking from consciousness of unpleasant or anxiety-laden material.

41
Q

What is interpretation in psychoanalysis?

A

The analyst’s noting of dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events to promote insight and growth.

42
Q

What is transference in psychoanalysis?

A

The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

43
Q

What is psychodynamic therapy?

A

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences.

44
Q

What is the aim of insight therapies?

A

increase a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

45
Q

What is person-centered therapy? What theory is it derived from? Who developed it?

A

humanistic therapy
-developed by Carl Rogers

-client directs the discussion and the therapist uses techniques like active listening

46
Q

What is active listening?

A

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification

47
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

A caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude that helps clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

48
Q

What is behavior therapy?

A

uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors and increase desirable behaviors

49
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

50
Q

What are exposure therapies?

A

Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.

51
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

52
Q

What is virtual reality exposure therapy?

A

counterconditioning technique
-electronic simulations where people can safely face specific fears.

53
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

54
Q

What is a token economy?

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior.

55
Q

What is cognitive therapy?

A

-teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking.

56
Q

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

An integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.

57
Q

What is group therapy?

A
  • groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.
58
Q

What is family therapy?

A

Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system.

59
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

60
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

61
Q

What is evidence-based practice?

A

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics.

62
Q

What is therapeutic alliance?

A

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client.

63
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

64
Q

What are antipsychotic drugs?

A

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

65
Q

What are antianxiety drugs?

A

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

66
Q

What are antidepressant drugs?

A

Drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.

67
Q

What are psychedelic drugs?

A

Hallucinogenic drugs used to treat various psychological disorders, causing temporary changes in perception.

68
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

A biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain.

69
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

-repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

70
Q

What is psychosurgery?

A

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.

71
Q

What is lobotomy?

A

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.

72
Q

What is resilience?

A

The personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity.

73
Q

What is posttraumatic growth?

A

Positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances.

psych (11 decks)

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