lec 10 disorders and treatment Flashcards
What is a psychological disorder?
A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives.
What is the medical model?
The concept that diseases, including psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured, usually through hospital treatment.
What is epigenetics?
The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression without a DNA change.
What is DSM-5-TR?
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a widely used categorical system for classifying psychological disorders.
What are anxiety disorders?
-excessive fear and anxiety
-related maladaptive(unhealthy/unadaptive) behaviors.
What is social anxiety disorder?
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
- continually tense, apprehensive
-state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
What is panic disorder?
anxiety disorder
-unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread
-may experience terror and accompanying sensations like chest pain or choking
What is a specific phobia?
-anxiety disorder
-persistent, irrational fear
-avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
unwanted and repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
-actions (compulsions)
-or both.
What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
-haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia
-lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
What are trauma- and stressor-related disorders?
exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress
What is somatic symptom disorder?
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
What is major depressive disorder?
-five or more symptoms lasting 2 or more weeks
- at least one symptom being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.
What are depressive disorders?
-enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood
-physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function.
What are bipolar disorders?
-experiences the overexcited state of mania (or milder hypomania)
-experiences periods of depression.
What is mania? What are some things people experiencing mania may show?
-unusually excited and overly ambitious mood state
-dangerously poor judgment, less need for sleep, and increased energy.
What is rumination?
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
What is schizophrenia?
-delusions, hallucinations
-disorganized and/or diminished speech
-inappropriate emotional expression
What are psychotic disorders?
irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
What is a delusion?
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
What is chronic schizophrenia?
-form of schizophrenia
-symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
-longer-lasting psychotic episodes as people age.
What is acute schizophrenia?
-form of schizophrenia
-can begin at any age
-occurs in response to a traumatic event
-recovery is much more likely.
What are dissociative disorders?
rare
disruption of normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.
What are personality disorders? When do they begin?
begin in adolescence or early adulthood
-long-term patterns of behavior and inner experiences that differ significantly from norms/expectations
-pervasive and inflexible
-stable over time
-cause distress or impairment
What is antisocial personality disorder?
lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
What is anorexia nervosa?
-eating disorder
-maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight
-inaccurate self-perception.
What is bulimia nervosa?
eating disorder
-binge eating is followed by weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting or excessive exercise.
What is binge-eating disorder?
-binge-eating episodes
-followed by distress, disgust, or guilt
-without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.
What are neurodevelopmental disorders? When do they start?
Central nervous system developmental differences
-start in childhood
-alter thinking and behavior
What is intellectual developmental disorder?
-limited mental ability
-IQ score of 70 or below
-difficulty adapting to the demands of life
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? When does it appear?
-appears in childhood
-limitations in communication and social interaction
-rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
-extreme inattention and/or
-hyperactivity and impulsivity.
What is psychotherapy?
-interactions b/w trained therapist and someone
-address psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
What is biomedical therapy?
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.
What is the eclectic approach?
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
What is psychoanalysis with respect to therapy?
therapeutic technique that releases previously repressed feelings
What is resistance in psychoanalysis?
The blocking from consciousness of unpleasant or anxiety-laden material.
What is interpretation in psychoanalysis?
The analyst’s noting of dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events to promote insight and growth.
What is transference in psychoanalysis?
The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.
What is psychodynamic therapy?
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
What is the aim of insight therapies?
increase a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
What is person-centered therapy? What theory is it derived from? Who developed it?
humanistic therapy
-developed by Carl Rogers
-client directs the discussion and the therapist uses techniques like active listening
What is active listening?
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification
What is unconditional positive regard?
A caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude that helps clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
What is behavior therapy?
uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors and increase desirable behaviors
What is counterconditioning?
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
What are exposure therapies?
Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
counterconditioning technique
-electronic simulations where people can safely face specific fears.
What is aversive conditioning?
Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
What is a token economy?
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior.
What is cognitive therapy?
-teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking.
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
An integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.
What is group therapy?
- groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.
What is family therapy?
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system.
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
What is meta-analysis?
A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
What is evidence-based practice?
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics.
What is therapeutic alliance?
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client.
What is psychopharmacology?
The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
What are antipsychotic drugs?
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
What are antianxiety drugs?
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
What are antidepressant drugs?
Drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.
What are psychedelic drugs?
Hallucinogenic drugs used to treat various psychological disorders, causing temporary changes in perception.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain.
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
-repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
What is psychosurgery?
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.
What is lobotomy?
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.
What is resilience?
The personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity.
What is posttraumatic growth?
Positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances.
