lec 8 pt2 nutrition and digestion Flashcards

1
Q

living organisms require ____ as nutrients

A

elements

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2
Q

what are macronutrients?

A

elements needed in large amounts

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3
Q

which 3 macronutrients make up 93% of our weight?

A

C, H, O

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4
Q

what are micronutrients? whats an example?

A

tiny amts necessary for life
eg. vitamins

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5
Q

which element is needed in a small amount to be used to make hormones?

A

iodine

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6
Q

what are 3 main categories of human dietary requirements?

A

-carbohydrates
-fats (lipids)
-protien

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7
Q

explain why we need each of the 3 categories of human dietary requirements?

A

carbs:
-source of energy+carbon

fats:
-concentrated form of energy
-essential fats: required to make certain compounds

protein:
-source of amino acids
-b/c we cant make all AA

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8
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

amino acids we MUST obtain from food

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9
Q

how to animals obtain nutrients?

A

digesting food in order to absorb necessary molecules

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10
Q

one way system that carries food from mouth to anus

A

digestive system (gut)

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11
Q

what are two roles of saliva?

A

-moistens food to aid in digestion
-breaks starch–> sugar w/ enzyme amylase

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12
Q

what is the route food takes after leaving the mouth?

A

esophagus–> stomach–>small intestine–>colon–> anus

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13
Q

once food reaches the stomach, what does the stomach do?

A

mixes food with acid + stores it

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14
Q

where does food go after the stomach? what happens here?

A

small intestine

breaks down macromolecules for easy absorption

-small intestine’s epithelial cells absorb

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15
Q

removes additional water and nutrients from food

A

colon/large intestine

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16
Q

what happens after food passes through the colon?

A

food becomes feces

expelled thru anus

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17
Q

the animal digestive system involves ______, ________ and waste.

A

breakdown, absorption

18
Q

specialized epithelial cells in the stomach secrete…?

A

HCl- hydrochloric acid

19
Q

what is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

-kills most microbes present in food
-breaks down extra-cellular matrix of food

20
Q

what is the purpose of mucous in the stomach? where is it produced?

A

-protects epithelial cells from HCl (acid)
-secreted from epithelial cells

21
Q

the stomach grinds food by….?

A

peristalsis: muscle contraction

22
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

muscle-driven movement of the gut

23
Q

what are proteases in the stomach? what is an important protease? where are they produced?

A

enzymes secreted by epithelial cells

Pepsin: breaks down protein

24
Q

what is the role of epithelial cells in the small intestine?

A

-secrete digestive enzymes
-absorb nutrients thru active transport

25
what is the pancreas?
source of digestive enzymes
26
what are 3 important digestive enzymes from the pancreas? what do they do?
lipase- breaks down fats protease- breaks down protiens amylase- breaks down carbs
27
what is bile? where is it produced? where is it stored?
liquid that emulsifies lipids, increases efficiency of lipase produced in liver stored in gallbladder
28
explain how the anatomy of the small intestine makes it the ultimate absorber
cavity lined with villi (finger-like projections of epithelial cells) villi increase # of epithelial cells, therefore increasing absorption | villi kinda look like a microfiber duster
29
why must food be broken down by enzymes during the digestion process?
in order to enter epithelial cells
30
what occurs in the colon(large intestine) when it receives digested food?
-mostly water and some nutrients are absorbed -food becomes feces
31
the bacteria that heavily colonize the colon are called? what are two functions of this bacteria?
the normal flora -produces certain vitamins (K) -repels+inhibits pathogenic (harmful) bacteria
32
the human digestive system is regulated by...?
hormones
33
what is a common example of missing enzymes we see?
lack of lactase causes lactosis/ lactose intolerance
34
what is one enzyme that all animals are missing? what does it cause?
lack cellulase cant digest cellulose so we don't get much energy from plants
35
how are herbivores able to survive off of plants if they lack cellulase?
intestinal microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protists) digest cellulose, release glucose
36
filtering unit of the kidney
nephron
37
what does the hormone gastrin do?
causes stomach to produce acid
38
what is the role of secretin?
causes pancreas to send out digestive juice stomach-pepsin liver-bile
39
hormone produced in the stomach and upper intestine when food is absent, stimulates appetite.
ghrelin
40
produced in the GI tract when food is present, inhibits appetite
peptide YY