LEC 7

Question 1

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

Answer 1

blood from one person directly into the bloodstream of another person

Question 2

ABO Blood Types

Answer 2

Classification system based on the presence of antigens and antibodies on red blood cells

Question 3

Antigen literal breakdown

Answer 3

“anti” = against and Greek word “gennan” = to generate

Question 4

Antibodies bind to the antigen forming
_______ - _______ complex

Answer 4

antigen-antibody

Question 4

Antigen

Answer 4

1. non-self protein that stimulates the immune system
2. Marks the cells as “invaders”

Question 5

Job of Antibody

Answer 5

1. Produced by immune system - an “opposing” protein
2. Mounts counterattack on antigens that are non-self
3. Bind to antigen forming antigen-antibody complex
4. Foreign cells clump together & are destroyed

Question 6

4 Different Blood Types

Answer 6

A
B
AB
O

Question 7

ABO BLOOD SYSTEM (2)

Answer 7

1. Different blood types have surface proteins (antigens) that allow the body to identify them as “self”)
2. Each person has antibodies against blood types (antigens) different than their own.

Question 8

“Self”

Answer 8

antigens

Question 9

Type A has:

Answer 9

A antigens and B antibodies

Question 10

Type B has:

Answer 10

B antigens and A antibodies

Question 11

Type AB has:

Answer 11

Both A & B antigens and no antibodies
Universal receiver

Question 12

Type O has:

Answer 12

No antigens and A & B antibodies
Universal donor

Question 13

“agglutinate”

Answer 13

clump together

Question 14

RHESUS FACTOR (Rh)

Answer 14

1. second surface antigen found on the RBC’s
2. If you are Rh+ (85% of population is) it means you have the antigen
3. If you are Rh- (15% of the population) it means you do not have the antigen

Question 15

RHESUS FACTOR (Rh) problematic when:

Answer 15

1. If you require blood transfusion
2. During childbirth situations

Question 16

Rh Factor and blood transfusions for Rh-

Answer 16

1. do not have anti-Rh antibodies in blood
2. have inherited ability to produce them over several months after exposure to the Rh antigen for the first time

Question 17

Rh factor: CHILDBIRTH

Answer 17

Father Rh+, Mother Rh-. First baby may be Rh+.
During birth, fetal blood may mix with mother’s blood. Mother’s immune system produces antibodies against Rh+ blood.
In the second pregnancy, if the baby is Rh+, mother’s antibodies can attack the fetus’s red blood cells.
This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 18

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE AT BIRTH

Answer 18

Decrease RBC’s & toxic levels of hemoglobin that could lead to mental impairment or death of the baby

Question 19

Why might whole blood not always be ideal? (5)

Answer 19

1. Human blood carries disease
2. Blood must be typed & matched properly to prevent transfusion reactions
3. The right blood might not always be available
4. Whole blood can only be stored for months & must be refrigerated
5. Demand for blood is rising quickly

Question 20

Blood Substitutes: Type 1

Answer 20

Based on various forms of modified Hb in a watery solution (comes from animals or genetically produced using bacteria)

Question 21

Blood Substitutes: Type 2

Answer 21

PFC’s (perfluorocarbons) are a group of colourless liquids containing only carbon and fluorine that are liquefied & used because of their high O2 carrying capacity; no risk of disease

Question 22

Blood Substitutes Disadvantages (4)

Answer 22

1. Possible disease transmission when cultured in bacteria
2. Hb not encased in red blood cells can become toxic to the kidneys
3. PFC’s are removed from the bloodstream within 2 days – short lifespan
4. Safety concerns

Question 23

MONONUCLEOSIS

Answer 23

CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION

Question 24

MONONUCLEOSIS caused by:

Answer 24

Epstein-Barr virus (relative of Herpes)

Question 25

MONONUCLEOSIS common during

Answer 25

teens

Question 26

MONONUCLEOSIS spreads through

Answer 26

physical contact

Question 27

MONONUCLEOSIS s/s

Answer 27

fever, headache, sore throat, fatigue, swollen tonsils, lymph nodes

Question 28

BLOOD POISONING AKA

Answer 28

bacterial infection of blood or septicemia

Question 29

BLOOD POISONING can develop from

Answer 29

infected wounds, severe burns, urinary infections, major dental work, etc.

Question 30

BLOOD POISONING visual sign

Answer 30

sudden appearance of red streaks on otherwise healthy skin near the site of infection (inflammation of veins & lymph vessels)

Question 31

ANEMIA

Answer 31

Reduction in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 32

ANEMIA types (5)

Answer 32

1. Iron-deficiency anemia – when the body is lacking iron, hemoglobin cannot be synthesized properly 2. Hemorrhagic anemia – blood loss (injuries, parasites, ulcers or heavy menstrual flow) 3. Pernicious anemia – Vitamin B12 deficiency (this is needed to make RBC’s) 4. Hemolytic anemia – rupture or “lysis” of RBC’s; for example, sickle-cell anemia 5. Anemia due to renal failure – reduced erythropoietin (this is a secondary cause)

Question 33

ANEMIA S/S

Answer 33

Pale skin Headaches Fatigue Dizziness Difficulty breathing Heart palpitations Weird cravings Restless legs Brittle hair and nails

Question 34

LEUKEMIA: CANCER

Answer 34

1. Uncontrolled production of white blood cells (immature and/or abnormal) in the bone marrow 2. Interfere with normal organ function as they enter circulation

Question 35

LEUKEMIA: CANCER types (2)

Answer 35

1. Acute (rapid) 2. Chronic (slow)

Question 36

MULTIOLE MYELOMA: CANCER (2)

Answer 36

1. Uncontrolled production of plasma cells in the bone marrow; uncontrolled division 2. Manufacture too much of an incomplete or abnormal Ab

Question 37

MULTIOLE MYELOMA side effects (2)

Answer 37

1. Leaves the body vulnerable to infection 2. Bone becomes weak, too much calcium in blood (not enough in bone)

Question 38

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Answer 38

Reduction in the number of platelets

Question 39

THROMBOCYTOPENIA causes

Answer 39

viral infection, anemia, leukemia, blood disorders, X-rays, drug reaction, etc

Question 40

THROMBOCYTOPENIA S/S

Answer 40

bruising or bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding in mouth, blood in urine, heavy menstrual period