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LEC 6 Flashcards

Blood Part 1

1
Q

Circulatory system parts (3)

A
  1. heart
  2. blood
  3. blood vessels
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2
Q

Circulatory system functions (3)

A
  1. Transport materials TO and FROM all cells
  2. Help maintain body temperature
  3. Participate in the immune response
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3
Q

The circulatory system serves ___________ by transporting nutrients & carrying off ________ from all parts of the body

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. wastes
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4
Q

Blood is the ________ within the circulatory system!

A

fluid

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5
Q

Blood: consists of ___________ cells and cell fragments held in a watery ______ of _______ and ions

A
  1. specialized
  2. solution
  3. molecules
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6
Q

Blood: a specialized CT originating from ________ _________

A
  1. bone
  2. marrow
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7
Q

Three tasks that help achieve and maintain homeostasis of an organism

A
  1. Transportation of nutrients & wastes
  2. Regulation of body temperature, water levels and pH
  3. Defense against “invaders” such as viruses and bacteria and excessive blood loss
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8
Q

Blood Composition: Formed Elements (45%) (3)

A
  1. RBC (44%)
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
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9
Q

Job of RBCs (2)

A
  1. transport O2 to body tissues
  2. transport CO2 away from tissue
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10
Q

Job of WBCs

A
  1. Defend the body against invaders
  2. Abnormal cells
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11
Q

Job of Platelets

A

take part in blood clotting as natural defense

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12
Q

RBCs AKA

A

Erythrocytes

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13
Q

RBC Characteristics (3)

A
  1. Primarily carries O2 & CO2
  2. Give blood red color
  3. Cause blood to be viscous
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14
Q

RBC shape (2)

A
  1. flexible
  2. able to bend & squeeze through tiny blood vessels
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15
Q

RBC design

A
  1. No nucleus or organelles as mature cell
  2. Have approx. 300 million Hemoglobin
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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A

O2 binding protein molecules

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17
Q

Blood Composition: Plasma (55%)

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
    3.Proteins
  3. Hormones
  4. Gases
  5. Nutrients and waste
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18
Q

Water in Plasma

A

main part of plasms

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19
Q

Electrolytes in Plasma (4)

A

Na, K, Cl, Bicarb, Ca, H, Mg help control cell:
1. function
2. volume
3. charge
4. excitability of certain cells (muscle & nerves)

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20
Q

Proteins in Plasma (3)

A

Albumins, globulins, clotting proteins

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21
Q

Hormones in Plasma

A

chemical messengers needed to regulate certain body functions

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22
Q

Gases in Plasma (2)

A

O2 for metabolism, CO2 waste

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23
Q

Nutrients & wastes in Plasma

A

examples include glucose, urea, nutrients, raw materials are carried throughout the body via the blood

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24
Q

LIQUID COMPONENT OF BLOOD

A

PLASMA

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25
Plasma Proteins: Albumins (2)
1. Maintain proper water balance between blood and interstitial fluids 2. Assist in transport of some drugs and some molecules like bilrubin & fatty acids
26
Plasma Proteins: Globulins (2)
1. Transport various substances in the blood 2. Beta and Gamma
27
Plasma Proteins: Clotting Proteins (2)
1. Important role in blood clotting 2. Minimize blood loss and maintain homeostasis after injury
28
Beta globulins (2)
1. bind to lipid molecules such as cholesterol 2. Formation of lipoproteins such as LDL (bad) and HDL (good)
29
Gamma globulins
help fight against infection and disease
30
Hemoglobin structure
4 polypeptide chains each with a heme group
31
______ molecule at the center of each heme group - O2 ______ to iron
1. Iron 2. binds
32
RBC’s _______ consume oxygen. Instead they make ______ via ________ pathways
1. don’t 2. ATP 3. anaerobic
33
Oxygen binds when: (2)
1. Concentration is high 2. pH is relatively neutral
34
Oxygen will ________ into blood where it attaches to the ______ portion of the hemoglobin
1. diffuse 2. iron
35
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin molecule + 4 O2 molecules
36
HEMOGLOBIN & O2 BINDING (2)
1. Is a temporary bond between O2 and hemoglobin 2. Allows oxygen to be released to cells which require it
37
Unbinding of Oxygen Conditions
1. lower O2 concentration and lower pH 2. Increased body heat increases the rate at which hemoglobin releases oxygen
38
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin without O2 bound to it
39
Hemoglobin transports about __ % CO2 to lungs for exhalation
25
40
Hematocrit (2)
1. % of blood that consists of RBC’s 2. Relative measure of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
41
Low hematocrit leads to (2)
1. anemia 2. low RBC production
42
High hematocrit leads to
1. excessive RBC production 2. thick blood 3. increased risk of blood clots
43
All blood cell and platelets come from ______ _______ in ______ bone marrow
1. stem 2. cells 3. RED
44
Stem Cells (3)
1. Unspecialized cells 2. Produce immature cells (called “blasts”) 3. Develop into mature platelets and blood cells (called “cytes”)
45
Blasts
immature stem cells
46
Cytes
mature platelets and blood cells
47
ErythroBLASTS (3)
1. “red” + “immature” 2. Fill with hemoglobin, lose nucleus 3. Become mature RBC’s (erythrocytes) in about a week
48
ErythroCYTES (3)
1. Live for about 120 days 2. Make nearly 3,000 round trips daily 3. Produced at a rate of 2 million per second
49
MegakaryoBLAST (3)
1. “large” + “nucleus” + “immature” 2. Produced in red bone marrow, lungs and spleen 3. Mature = megakaryocytes
50
MegakaryoCYTES
1. Bizarre shape with large multi-lobular nuclei 2. Fragmentation of these cells create platelets
51
Platelets
1. Short lifespan – 5-9 days 2. Produce about 200 billion platelets per day 3. Have hundreds of thousands circulating
52
Stem cells specialize into:
1. Erythroblasts 2. Myeloblast 3. Monoblast 4. Lymphoblast
53
Erythroblasts differentiate into:
RBCs (after losing nucleus)
54
Myeloblasts differentiate into: (3)
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil
55
Monoblasts differentiate into:
Monocyte
56
Lymphoblasts differentiate into:
Lymphocyte
57
Granular Leukocytes
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil
58
Agranular Leukocytes
1. Monocyte 2. Lymphocyte
59
Neutrophil
Produced during bacterial infection
60
Eosinophil
Produced during parasitic/viral infection
61
Basophil
Produced during viral infection or allergic reaction
62
Monocyte
- Macrophages - front line defenders
63
Lymphocyte
produce B cells and T cells
64
In RBCs, no nucleus =
no reproduction or repair
65
RBC lifespan
120 days
66
What happens to old & damaged RBC’s?
Phagocytosis: RBCs engulfed & digested, and taken to liver & spleen by macrophages
67
Macrophages derived from __________
monocytes
68
Recycling RBCs: Peptide Chains
Broken down into amino acids and re-used to make new proteins
69
Recycling RBCs: Iron
Return to red bone marrow for re-use in new hemoglobin molecules
70
Recycling RBCs: Heme group
Converted by liver into yellowish pigment (bilirubin)
71
Bilirubin and Bruising (2)
1. Change color from purple to yellow 2. Damaged RBC’s being broken down
72
Bilirubin in Liver
mixes with bile AND excreted
73
Jaundice (2)
1. Liver doesn't secrete bilirubin into the bile duct properly 2. Get yellowing of skin & the whites of the eyes
74
RBC production regulated by
oxygen levels
75
RBC production regulated how? (3)
1. Kidney cells monitor blood oxygen levels 2. Low O2 levels trigger RBC production 3. Release erythropoietin
76
Erythropoietin (2)
1. Carried to red bone marrow 2. Stimulates stem cells to produce more RBC’s
77
Platelet production regulated by
thrombopoietin (hormone)
78
Thrombopoietin
1. Produced in the liver and kidneys 2. Regulates formation of platelets in the bone marrow
79
Platelets are made up of
1. cytoplasm 2. cell membrane of the megakaryocyte
80
FORMED ELEMENTS: WBCs
1. Work with lymphatic system to defend body from viruses, bacteria or other threats 2. # present depend on health of individual, activity and if under attack
81
WBCs AKA
leukocytes (“white” + “cells”)
82
WBC Size
Larger than RBCs
83
WBCs have a _______, but no _________
1. nucleus 2. hemoglobin
84
WBC : RBC Ratio
1 : 700
85
HEMOSTASIS
Natural process of stopping blood loss
86
HEMOSTASIS stages
1. Vascular Spasms 2. Platelet Plug 3. Blood Clotting
87
Vascular Spasms
Contraction of the smooth muscle will constrict the blood vessels in area for approx. 30 minutes
88
Platelet Plug (3)
1. Platelets change, become sticky & clump together 2. Seals the injured area to prevent blood loss
89
Blood Clotting involves ______ clotting factors.
12
90
3 important clotting factors in hemostasis
1. Prothrombin activator 2. Thrombin 3. Fibrinogen
91
Blood clotting order of clotting factors
1. Prothrombin activator 2. Thrombin 3. Fibrinogen 4. Fibrin
92
Fibrin
threads form a web around the platelet plug, trapping blood cells and other particles
93
Blood clotting order (5)
1. Prothrombin is activated into thrombin. 2. Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin. 3. Fibrin threads form a web around the platelet plug, trapping blood cells and other particles. 4. This "clot" helps stop blood flow at the injury site. 5. Platelets shrink, tightening the clot and bringing the vessel walls together.

BIO 215 (8 decks)

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