LEC 10

Question 1

In order to maintain a constant arterial blood pressure: (2)

Answer 1

1. Cardiac output
2. Regulating the diameter of arterioles

Question 2

Cardiac output

Answer 2

1. the amount of blood the heart pumps into the aorta each MINUTE
2. A constant arterial blood pressure is achieved by regulating cardiac output

Question 3

Regulating the diameter of arterioles does what?

Answer 3

adjusts the resistance to flow

Question 4

How do baroreceptors regulate arterial blood pressure? (6)

Answer 4

1. INCREASE IN BP stretches baroreceptors passively
2. NEURONS which innervate baroreceptors fire when stretched.
3. Neuron signal travels to CARDIOVASCULAR CENTRE in brain.
4. The cardiovascular centre sense bp as too high & responds by changing its rate of nerve stimulation of HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.
5. Heart will lower heart rate & force of contraction (thus LOWERING CARDIAC OUTPUT)
6. Blood vessels will reduce vascular resistance leading to an increase in blood flow.

Question 5

_________ requirements dictate local blood flows

Answer 5

Local

Question 6

Blood flow through each ________ sphincter can be adjusted based on need

Answer 6

precapillary

Question 7

Example: blood flow when contracting muscles

Answer 7

causes precapillary sphincters with the vessels to vasodilate, increasing blood flow

Question 8

During exercise, metabolic activity is _________ and _________ concentration of _________ drops

Answer 8

1. increased
2. local
3. oxygen

Question 9

Blood vessels _______ to increase blood flow to ________ muscles during exercise.

Answer 9

1. dilate
2. skeletal

Question 10

baroreceptor-mediated reflex

Answer 10

Sensory input from moving muscles & joints signals the cardiovascular centre to stimulate the heart and increase cardiac output before blood pressure has a chance to fall or change significantly

Question 11

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS potential causes

Answer 11

Hypertension, aneurysms, atherosclerosis, etc.

Question 12

ANGINA

Answer 12

Chest pain as a result of impaired blood flow to the heart

Question 13

ANGINA S/S

Answer 13

chest pain
tightness
shortness of breath
sensation of choking

Question 14

ANGINA S/S triggered by:

Answer 14

physical activity
emotional stress
cold weather
eating heavy meals
heart requires more blood and oxygen during these situations

Question 15

ANGINA relieving factors:

Answer 15

resting
deep breaths

Question 16

ANGINA Treatment

Answer 16

1. Angiography: procedure that enables blood vessels to be visualized after filled with contrast
2. Medication to increase blood flow
3. Balloon angioplasty: threading a small plastic tube into the blocked area and inflating a balloon at the most narrowed point

Question 17

ANGINA is a sign of insufficient __________ to the heart!

Answer 17

circulation

Question 18

HEART ATTACK

Answer 18

Blood flow stops to an area of the heart long enough to cause sudden death of heart tissue

Question 19

HEART ATTACK after effects

Answer 19

1. Oxygen deprivation
2. Myocardial infarction
3. Causes permanent damage impairing the heart’s ability to function
4. ECG required immediately for diagnosis & treatment

Question 20

“Myocardial infarction”

Answer 20

death from inadequate blood supply
AKA heart attack

Question 21

HEART ATTACK: CLASSIC S/S

Answer 21

Intense chest pain
Tightness or pressure in the chest
Shortness of breath
Pain radiating down the left arm

Question 22

HEART ATTACK: S/S IN WOMEN

Answer 22

more nausea, jaw pain, and back pain – may come and go

Question 23

HEART FAILURE

Answer 23

When the heart muscle becomes damaged, the heart may become WEAKER AND LESS EFFICIENT at pumping blood

Question 24

Fluid congestion

Answer 24

1. As the heart pumps less blood, more backs up into veins and capillaries
2. higher capillary pressure = more fluid to leak into interstitial space

Question 25

Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 25

buildup of interstitial fluid

Question 26

Congestive Heart Failure S/S

Answer 26

Trouble breathing while lying down Shortness of breath Swollen ankles or legs Swollen neck veins Weight gain in the abdomen due to fluid retention

Question 27

Congestive Heart Failure treatment

Answer 27

Mild exercise Diuretics Vasodilating drugs Drugs to help beat stronger

Question 28

Ascites

Answer 28

Fluid retention in the abdomen caused by congestive heart failure

Question 29

Embolus

Answer 29

sudden blockage of a blood vessel from material floating in the bloodstream

Question 30

EMBOLISM

Answer 30

1. A blot clot that has broken off and TRAVELLED to clot somewhere else in the body 2. Named based on location in the body (i.e. pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, cardiac embolism, etc.)

Question 31

STROKE: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Answer 31

1. DAMAGE TO BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BRAIN 2. Interruption in blood supply to brain

Question 32

Brain equivalent of heart attack

Answer 32

STROKE: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Question 33

STROKE: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) causes

Answer 33

1. embolism (blocakge of a vessel) - ISCHEMIC STROKE 2. rupture (bleeding of a cerebral artery) - HEMORRHAGIC