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LEC 12 Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 1

1
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: FUNCTIONS (2)

A
  1. Exchange and transport of gases within the air (O2 and CO2)
  2. Production of sound (vocalization) (communication)
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2
Q

The respiratory system is a series of ___________ for getting air to and from the ________.

A
  1. passageways
  2. lungs
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3
Q

O2 (2)

A
  1. By-product of photosynthesis
  2. Used by humans to drive cellular respiration
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4
Q

CO2 (2)

A
  1. waste product of cellular respiration
  2. used by plants as a reactant in photosynthesis
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5
Q

RESPIRATION: 4 main processes (outside to inside)

A
  1. Ventilation (breathing)
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
  4. Cellular Respiration
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6
Q

Ventilation (breathing) (2)

A
  1. Movement of air in and out of the lungs (actual act of breathing)
  2. Done by the respiratory system, associated bones, muscles and nerves (rib cage, sternum, diaphragm. etc.)
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7
Q

External Respiration (2)

A
  1. Exchange of gases between inhaled air & the lungs
  2. Within the lungs
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8
Q

Internal Respiration (2)

A
  1. Exchange of gases between the blood & tissue fluids
  2. In the tissues of the body
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9
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Use of oxygen to produce ATP within cells
  2. Carbon dioxide waste product
  3. In the tissues of the body
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10
Q

Each lung is enclosed in ______ layers of thin ________ tissue called the _______ __________.

A
  1. two
  2. epithelial
  3. pleural
  4. membranes
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11
Q

The membranes are separated by a space called the ______ __________.

A

pleural cavity

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12
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleural membranes

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13
Q

Pleurisy leads to (3)

A
  1. reduce the secretion of pleural fluid
  2. increase friction
  3. cause pain during breathing
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14
Q

In between the pleural cavity, there is:

A

pleural fluid / surfactant

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15
Q

pleural membrane attached to ribs

A

parietal membrane

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16
Q

pleural membrane attached to lungs

A

visceral membrane

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17
Q

number of lobes in left lung

A

2

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18
Q

number of lobes in right lung

A

3

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19
Q

Upper respiratory tract location

A

above Adam’s apple/larynx

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20
Q

Upper respiratory tract parts (4)

A
  1. Nose & nasal cavity
  2. Mouth
  3. Pharynx (throat)
  4. From glottis up
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21
Q

Upper respiratory tract function (4)

A
  1. Passageway for inhaled air
  2. Filters air
  3. Warms air
  4. Humidifies air
  5. Transports Air
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22
Q

Outside of the nose is made of ___________ and divided into nostrils by the nasal _______

A
  1. cartilage
  2. septum
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23
Q

Internal portion of nose called

A

nasal cavity

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24
Q

Nose functions (5)

A
  1. Air enters here (or your mouth)
  2. Olfaction receptors
  3. Filters inhaled air (with cilia) by screening out some foreign particles
  4. Moistens, humidifies and warms the air
  5. Resonating chamber that gives your voice its tone
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25
AIR: PATHWAY THROUGH NOSE
1. Air enters nostrils and is partially filtered by nose hairs 2. Air flows into nasal cavity 3. Blood vessels help warm air and epithelial tissues secrete mucous to humidify air 4. Hair-like cilia keep air flowing through cavity Mucous in nasal cavity traps dust, pathogens and small particles 5. Cilia cause mucous to flow to back of nasal cavity and into pharynx 6. When mucous gets here we feel like coughing or clearing our throat! 7. Any mucous we swallow is digested by our stomach acids!
26
Pharynx
AKA the throat
27
Pharynx connects the _________ and the ______ ________ to the _________ (voice box)
mouth nasal cavity larynx
28
Sinuses location
Air spaces inside the skull
29
Sinuses function
1. Lined with tissue that secretes mucous 2. Helps to trap foreign particles 3. Drain into the nasal cavity via small passages 4. Tear ducts also drain into nasal cavity
30
Upper Pharynx location (2)
Extends from the nasal cavity to roof of mouth Eustachian tubes
31
Eustachian tubes (3)
Auditory tubes Drain the middle ear Equalize pressure between middle ear and outside air
32
Lower Pharynx function
Common passage for food and air
33
Lower respiratory tract location
BELOW Adam’s apple/larynx
34
Lower respiratory tract parts (4)
1. Larynx 2. Trachea 3. Bronchi 4. Lungs (Bronchioles/Alveoli)
35
Larynx functions (3)
Maintain an open airway Route food and air into the appropriate channels Assist in the production of sound
36
Lower respiratory functions (5) except alveoli
1. Passageway for inhaled air 2. Filters air 3. Warms air 4. Humidifies air 5. Transports Air
37
Tip of lungs
apex
38
Pancoast tumor
tumors that develop at apex of lungs
39
Alveoli function
gas exchange
40
Larynx functions
1. Maintain an open airway 2. Route food and air into the appropriate channels 3. Assist in sound production
41
Larynx important structures (2)
1. Epiglottis 2. Vocal cords
42
Epiglottis location
Flexible cartilage flap located at opening of the larynx
43
Epiglottis open when?
air flowing in
44
Epiglottis closed when?
swallowing food/liquid
45
Vocal cords description
Two folds of connective tissue that extend across the airway
46
Vocal cords location
Surround opening of glottis
47
Vocal cords supported by
ligaments
48
Vocal cords inside?
larynx
49
Vocal cords controlled by?
skeletal muscles
50
Tone/deepness of voice depends on
how tight or loose the vocal cords are
51
Men have lower voices because ________ larynx (due to increased ________ in puberty)
enlarged testosterone
52
Why do voices sound different?
1. Shape and size of vocal cords 2. Differences in respiratory tract and mouth 3. Muscles in pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips 4. Pharynx, nose, and nasal sinuses (chambers to amplify sound)
53
Trachea AKA
windpipe
54
Trachea location
from the larynx to the right and left bronchi
55
Trachea shape
Series of C-shaped incomplete rings of cartilage
55
Trachea change diameter slightly when:
coughing or breathing heavily
56
Trachea lined with?
cilia covered epithelial tissues
57
Trachea function
Transports air to the right and left bronchi
58
Bronchus that is shorter, more horizontal and more likely to get infected
right
59
Bronchi shape and function
Tubes that transport air into the lungs
60
Bronchi made up of (2)
fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle
61
Bronchi reinforced by
Cartilage
62
Bronchi divide like ________ of a tree to a network of smaller network of bronchi called _________
branches bronchioles
63
Bronchioles main function
air transport
64
Bronchioles have no ________
cartilage
65
Smallest bronchioles are 1 mm or_______ in diameter
less
66
Bronchioles made up of (2)
Mostly thin layer of SMOOTH muscle surrounded by small amount of ELASTIC tissue
67
Bronchi & Bronchioles also responsible for _________ , __________ & _________ air before it reaches gas-exchange surface.
1. Cleaning 2. warming 3. saturating
68
Bronchi & Bronchioles contains ciliated __________ cells and some __________ secreting cells
1. epithelial 2. mucus
69
What happens to bronchi & bronchioles irritated by chemicals in tobacco smoke? (3)
1. Destroys cilia 2. Allows mucous and debris to pool in airway 3. Mucus pooling leads to infections, increases risk of bronchitis, emphysema & lung cancer
70
Alveoli location
at the tips of the finest bronchioles
71
Alveoli combined surface area
nearly 800 square feet
72
Alveoli = gas ________
exchange
73
Alveoli in close contact with blood flowing through _________ capillaries.
pulmonary
74
Pulmonary capillaries and gas exchange
1. Deoxygenated blood flows out of right ventricle through pulmonary arteries which divide into smaller arterioles and capillaries 2. Bring blood and air into close contact 3. Two cells separate the blood from air (Squamous epithelial cell of alveolus and cell of capillary wall) 4. Series of venules and veins collect the oxygenated blood and returns to the left atria via the pulmonary veins
74
1. Deoxygenated blood flows out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries. 2. Pulmonary arteries divide into smaller arterioles and capillaries in the lungs. 3. Blood and air come into close contact in the alveoli for gas exchange. 4. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

BIO 215 (8 decks)

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