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MSK Test 1 > LEC-6 Bacterial Pyogenic Infections > Flashcards

LEC-6 Bacterial Pyogenic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

_________ results as an accumulation of dead phagocytes.

A

Pus

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2
Q

_________ infections are referred to as pus-forming infections and are usually associated with toxin production, such as leukocidins.

A

Pyogenic

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3
Q

A(n) ___________ is a pyogenic infection of the skin and/or subcutaneous tissues.

A

Pyoderma

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4
Q

As a pyogenic infection proceeds deeper into the layers of skin, what is the primary concern?

A

As deeper layers of skin are involved in the infection, the bloodstream becomes compromised. This causes systemic signs and fever to appear. There is a concomitant increase in the need for systemic antibiotics if this occurs.

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5
Q

Describe what is shown in the picture.

A

Vesicle is shown

  • Small (<1.0cm), serum-filled blister in or just beneath the epidermis.
  • It is often of viral in orgin, but not necessarily infectious
  • A “honey colored crust” develops post-rupture
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6
Q

Describe what is shown in the picture.

A

Purpura is shown

  • Rash of purple caused by the leakage of blood into surrounding tissues
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7
Q

Describe what is shown in the picture.

A

Bullae is shown

  • A large (>1.0cm) type of vesicle that may result in pupura
  • Can result in purpura
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8
Q

What type of bacterior most commonly cause skin infections?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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9
Q

The bacterial genuses ____________ and ____________ are the primary cause of nearly all skin and soft tissue infections.

A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

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10
Q

Staphylococcus ___________ is the most toxogenic form of this genus.

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

Streptococcus ____________ is the most toxogenic form of this genus.

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

  • Pyogenes as in pyogenic
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12
Q

Grape-like clusters are characteristic of, but not exclusive to, (staphylococcus/streptococcus).

A

Staphylococcus

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13
Q

Bacterial spores are characteristic of (coccus/bacillus/spirillum) types of bacteria.

A

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

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14
Q

Staphylococci (do/do not) form spores.

A

Do not.

  • Spores are characteristic of rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)
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15
Q

(T/F) Staphyloccocus are heat-resistant, antiseptic-resistant, and resistant to drying, but they cannot form spores.

A

True.

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16
Q

______________ is a bacterial enzyme that brings about the coagulation of blood or plasma and is produced by disease-causing forms of staphylococcus.

A

Coagulase

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17
Q

Staphyloccocus aureus is coagulase (positive/negative).

A

Positive

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18
Q

Coagulase (positive/negative) strains of bacteria are the primary pathogenic strains.

A

Positive

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19
Q

What is the difference in shape between staphylococcus and streptococcus?

A
  • Grape-like cluster of staphylococcus
  • Chain formation of streptococcus
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20
Q

(α/β/γ) hemolysis involves no hemolysis at all.

A

γ hemolysis

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21
Q

(α/β/γ) hemolysis involves incomplete (green-appearing) hemolysis. This is characteristic of Streptococcus viridans (throat bacteria).

A

α hemolysis

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22
Q

(α/β/γ) hemolysis involves complete hemolysis, characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes.

A

β hemolysis

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23
Q

____________ is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide.

A

Catalase

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24
Q

Staphylococcus strains test catalase (negative/positive).

A

Positive

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25
Q

Streptococcus strains tests catalase (negative/positive).

A

Negative

26
Q

What is folliculitis?

A
  • A bacterial infection localized to a hair follicle.
  • It is almost always confined strictly to the epidermis and is also usually caused by S. aureus.
  • These infections rarely, if ever, require systemic antibiotics.
27
Q

What is a furuncles (boils)?

A
  • A deep folliculitis where the lesion extends in to the dermis.
  • This is also most commonly caused by S. aureus.
  • These infections rarely, if ever, require systemic antibiotics.
  • For small lesions, apply moist heat to promote drainage.
  • For large lesions, incision and drainage is recommended.
28
Q

What is a Carbuncle?

A
  • Forms when multiple furuncles (boils) join together.
  • These infections rarely require systemic antibiotics, but always require incision and drainage.
29
Q

Effective antimicrobial therapy of a pyogenic infection always requires ____________ irregardless of acquired resistance.

A

Drainage

30
Q

Impetigo and erysipelas are characteristic of the (epidermis/dermis/fascia/muscle).

A

Epidermis

31
Q

Fasciitis is characteristic of the (epidermis/dermis/fascia/muscle).

A

Fascia

32
Q

Erysipelas and cellulitis are characteristic of the (epidermis/dermis/fascia/muscle).

A

Dermis

33
Q

Myositis is characteristic of the (epidermis/dermis/fascia/muscle).

A

Muscle

34
Q

What is Impetigo?

A
  • A superficial pyoderma with discrete borders.
  • Results as an infection by either Staph. aureus or Step. pyogenes and is commonly seen in children.
  • It is characterized by thick, honey-colored crust and is uncommon for systemic involvement.
35
Q

What is the accepted topical treatment of impetigo?

A
  • Mupirocin (Bactroban)
  • Fusidic acid (Fucidin)
    • If extensive, combine with oral antibiotic

Both protein synthesis inhibitors

36
Q

(Fusidic acid/Mupirocin) is a protein synthesis inhibitor that is available for topical and systemic use, but is not currently available in the U.S.

A

Fusidic acid

37
Q

What is Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?

A
  • AKA Ritter’s Disease
  • Caused by S. aureus and results in mass exfoliation of patient’s skin, resmbling a burned area
  • Results in toxemia: But cannot isolate S. aureus from lesions
    • Physicians must do nasopharyngeal culture to identify responsible bacteria
38
Q

(T/F) Infections by Staph. aureus causing SSSS require localized topical antibiotics.

A

False. Infections by Staph. aureus causing SSSS require systemic antibiotics.

39
Q

Culture of what region of the body is most useful in obtaining bacterial identification in a patient suffering from Ritter’s disease?

A

The nasopharyngeal region. The rest of the lesions will be sterile.

40
Q

What is Bullous Impetigo?

A
  • A localized form of SSSS that features bullae.
  • Staph. aureus is able to be isolated from the lesions.
41
Q

(T/F) Bullous impetigo requires systemic antibiotics

A

True.

42
Q

Describe Toxic Shock Syndrome.

A
  • Caused from a superantigen.
  • Results in massive induction of immunological cytokine release leading to:
    • Fever, diarrhea, vomiting
    • Sunburn-like petechial rach, the desquamation of the hands and feet
    • Strawberry tongue.
43
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome may progress into what other ailments if not treated and controlled?

A
  1. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  2. Rapid drop in blood pressure
  3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  4. Multiple organ system failure (MOSF)
44
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A
  • A superficial form of cellulitis
  • Distinguished by a raised, clearly demarcated border.
  • Systemic signs are common but do not appear in all cases.
  • It is most common on the face and legs and spreads rapidly within hours.
  • Its most common causes are, in order of likelihood:
  1. Strep. pyogenes
  2. Staph. aureus
45
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A
  • An infection of the deeper, subcutaneous tissues that is less demarcated and spreads more slowly than erysipelas.
  • Its most common causes are, in order of likelihood:
  1. Strep. pyogenes
  2. Staph. aureus
46
Q

What is Fasciitis?

A
  • An infection that occurs in deep subcutaneous tissue and spreads along the fascial planes.
  • This type of infection is a true infectious disease emergency and most often presents with pain that is out of proportion to appearance of the condition.
  • Infections of this type require surgical intervention.
  • Its most common causes are, in order of likelihood:
  1. Strep. pyogenes
  2. Staph. aureus
47
Q

Complete the following table.

A

Image

48
Q

What is Myositis?

A
  • One of the deepest infections involving spread through muscle planes.
  • It may be caused by 1. Strep. pyogenes or 2. Staph. aureus, but is classically associated with 3. Clostridium perfringens.
  • May result in gas gangrene or suppurative myositis with accumulation of pus in the muscle planes and always requires surgical intervention.
49
Q

Hot tub folliculitis is caused by __________________.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

50
Q

An infection following a puncture through one’s tennis shoe would most likely be caused by ________________.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

51
Q

Hematogenous osteomyelitis infections are most common in (adults/children) and are caused by problems within the circulatory architecture that allows for bacterial invasion into the bone.

A

Children

52
Q

Osteomyelitis that occurs secondary to a contiguous focus of infection is most common in (adults/children) and usually affects the __________ of the axial skeleton and the __________ of the appendicular skeleton.

A
  • Adults
  • Spine and long bones
53
Q

Patients with _____________ may develop osteomyelitis secondary to vascular insufficiencies or foot injuries.

A

Diabetes

54
Q

(Acute/Chronic) osteomyelitis infections almost always require surgical debridement.

A

Chronic

55
Q

What bacterial infection could also be considered in diabetics and drug addicts?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  • Doesn’t replase S. aureus as primary cause
56
Q

Sickle cell patients are particularly susceptible to an infection by ___________.

A

Salmonella

57
Q

Prosthetic joints and hardware increase the risk of infection by ____________.

A

Staph. epidermidis

58
Q

Patients suffering from vertebral osteomyelitis have an increased risk of infection from _______________

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

59
Q

Inflammation of the joints due to bacterial infection is known as ____________.

A

Septic arthritis

60
Q

The most common cause of septic arthritis infection is _____________.

A

Staph. aureus

61
Q

What are the most likely bacterial suspects for infection at each layer of the skin, muscle, and bone?

A

Image

62
Q

The most common etiological bacterial agent involved in osteomyelitis is ______________.

A

Staph. aureus

MSK Test 1 (11 decks)

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