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MSK Test 1 > LEC-1 Muscle PNS Review > Flashcards

LEC-1 Muscle PNS Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Long
  • Unbranched
  • Multinucleated (peripherally located)
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Branched
  • Intercalated disks
  • Central nucleus
  • Striated Involuntary (heart)
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • One central nucleus
  • Not striated
  • Involuntary (vessels and gut)
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5
Q

What is bursa?

A

Fluid-filled sacs located in high friction zones such as the shoulder

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6
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

A
  • Red
  • White
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7
Q

Describe red fibers.

A
  • Type 1
  • Rich blood supply
  • Contain mitochondria and myoglobin
  • Slow twitch
  • Oxidative
  • Sustained contraction (not easily fatigued)
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8
Q

Describe white fibers.

A
  • Type 2b
  • Poor blood supply
  • No mitochondria or myoglobin
  • Fast twitch
  • Glycolytic (anaerobic glycolysis)
  • Easily fatigued
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9
Q

Describe intermediate fibers.

A
  • Fast twitch
  • Oxidative
  • Glycolytic (anaerobic glycolysis)
  • Less myoglobin
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10
Q

What is a muscle triad?

A
  • Located at A-I junction
  • 2 Terminal cisternas+ 1 Transverse tubule
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11
Q

The “canister” of a muscle cell is considered to be the ___________.

A

Myofiber

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12
Q

The “straws” inside the canister (myofiber) of a muscle cell are called ____________.

A

Myofibrils

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13
Q

The “toothpicks” inside the the straws (myofibrils) of a muscle cell are called ____________.

A

Myofilaments

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14
Q

The transverse tubule is a continuation of the ______________.

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

What are the possible diagnostic tests used to diagnose myofibrillar myopathies?

A
  • Electromyography (EMG)
  • Nerve Conduction Study
  • Muscle Histology
    • Light microscopy
    • Electron microscopy
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16
Q

What type of microscopy will expose hyaline inclusions (fibrillar material) within fibers, granulous material, and small vacuoles that result from autophagocytosis of cellular debris?

A

Light

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17
Q

What type of microscopy will reveal myofibril degeneration at Z-discs within muscle fibers?

A

Electron

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18
Q

Label the following diagram:

A

Label the following diagram:

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19
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A

Calcium

20
Q

What happens to the A band during contraction?

A

It remains the same

21
Q

What happens to the distance between the Z lines during contraction?

A

It shortens

22
Q

What intermediate filament serves to keep myofibrils in register at Z line?

A

Desmin

23
Q

What links the α-actinin/desmin complex to plasma membrane dystroglycans?

A

Dystrophin

24
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Specialized channels used in smooth muscle to ensure coordinated contraction. These channels allow electrical impulses to pass more quickly to adjacent cells through a shared perforation in cell membrane.

25
Q

What are gap junctions in cardiac muscles called?

A

Intercalated discs

26
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor unit is a nerve and the myofibers it innervates.

27
Q

What epithelial layer of a peripheral nerve is affected in Guillan-Barre Syndrome?

A

Endoneurium

28
Q

What epithelial layer of a peripheral nerve must be sutured in surgery?

A

Perineurium

29
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue covering skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • Epimysium (outermost layer)
  • Perimysium (intermediate layer; found between each fascicle)
  • Endomysium (innermost layer; found between each myofiber)
30
Q

What is the defect in Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?

A

Voltage-gated Calcium channels on pre-synaptic cell

31
Q

What is the defect in Myasthenia Gravis and what is the result?

A

Antibodies towars ACh receptors on the post-synaptic cell Results in loss of junctional folds

32
Q

What happens to intrafusal fibers when an extrafusal fiber contracts?

A

It loses tension and compensates by shortening

33
Q

(Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes) are located in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

34
Q

(Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes) are located in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

35
Q

(Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes) provide myelin for up to 50 axons at once.

A

Oligodendrocytes

36
Q

(Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes) provide myelin for only a single axon at a time.

A

Schwann cells

37
Q

Guillain Barre syndrome may indicate pathology involving (schwann cells/oligodendrocytes).

A

Schwann cells

38
Q

An acoustic neuroma may indicate pathology involving (schwann cells/oligodendrocytes).

A

Schwann cells

  • Acoustic neuromas are also called schwannomas
39
Q

Multiple sclerosis may indicate pathology involving (schwann cells/oligodendrocytes).

A

Oligodendrocytes

40
Q

(Merkel’s discs/Meissner’s corpuscles) adapt quickly, are found in hairy skin, and are used to detect shapes and edges.

A

Merkel’s discs

41
Q

(Merkel’s discs/Meissner’s corpuscles) adapt slowly, are found in glabrous skin, and are used to detect light touch.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

42
Q

In a (neuropathy/myopathy), innervation is intact and weakness is proximal and symmetrical. May result from atrophy caused by aging, malnutrition, or immobilization.

A

Myopathy

43
Q

In a (neuropathy/myopathy), innervation is lost and weakness is distal and asymmetrical. May result from atrophy caused by motor neuron degeneration.

A

Neuropathy

44
Q

What is the afferent and efferent limb of the muscle spindle organ (deep tendon reflex)?

A
  • Afferent: Ia and II fibers
  • Efferent: Gamma motor neurons
45
Q

What are Pacinian Corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Vibration Pressure

MSK Test 1 (11 decks)

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