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MSK Test 1 > LEC-10 MSK Response to Load Physiology > Flashcards

LEC-10 MSK Response to Load Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

________________ is a law that states bones are able to sense the loads on them and modify their structures to suit changes in these loads. Form follows function.

A

Wolff’s Law

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2
Q

(T/F) Growing bone responds to low or moderate exercise through significant addition of new bone; however, a threshold exists beyond which some bone responds negatively.

A

True.

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3
Q

Moderate to intense physical activity can increase bone ______________.

A

Mineral content

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4
Q

Physical activity for middle-aged and older adults is recommended for a duration of ____________ and ____ days of the week.

A

30 minutes; all days of the week

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5
Q

Strength training for middle-aged and older adults is recommended ___ - ___ times per week.

A

2-3 times per week

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6
Q

Elder nursing home patients spend more than ___% of their daily time in bed.

A

80%

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7
Q

____________ is the loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis.

A

Muscle atrophy

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8
Q

What are the material properties associated with bone?

A
  • Elastic-plastic
  • Yield point
  • Brittle-ductile
  • Toughness

These properties remain constant regardless of bone shape.

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9
Q

What are the structural properties associated with bone?

A
  • Bending stiffness
  • Torsional stiffness
  • Axial stiffness

These properties depend on the shape and material of the bone.

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10
Q

In a graph of applied force vs. displacement, the slope of the graph represents the ______________.

A

Stiffness

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11
Q

(Stress/Strain) is the force applied over an area.

A

Stress (Force/Area)

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12
Q

(Stress/Strain) is change in height compared to the original height.

A

Strain (ΔHeight/Original Height)

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13
Q

A (lower/higher) elastic modulus means that there is more strain available for a given stress.

A

Lower

  • Lower elastic modulus means more able to bend
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14
Q

Elastic modulus is calculated by _______________.

A

Stress/Strain

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15
Q

Beyond the yield failure point of a material, it experiences (elastic/plastic) deformation.

A

Plastic

  • Irreversible deformation
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16
Q

The (yield failure/ultimate failure) point in a stress vs. strain graph is the point at which no stress needs to be applied in order to elicit strain on the material.

A

Ultimate failure

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17
Q

What are the basic forces that may cause fracture?

A

Image

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18
Q

When a material experiences a shearing force, the side undergoing (tension/compression) will fail first.

A

Tension

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19
Q

When a bone receives force, the side undergoing (compression/tension) is the strongest.

A

Compression

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20
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage is found in the external ear, larynx, epiglottis, and eustachian tube.

A

Elastic

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21
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage covers the surface of most joints. It is slick, smooth, and receives nutrition from synovial fluid. It is a thin cartilage (2-4mm thin), and it is composed of mostly type II collagen. It appears avascular, white, aneural, and alymphatic.

A

Hyaline

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22
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage is composed of strong and stiff fibers. It is found in the pubic symphysis, meniscus, and annulus fibrosis.

A

Fibrocartilage

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23
Q

The ________ transcription factor steers mesenchyme toward a cartilage lineage.

A

Sox9

24
Q

Chondrocytes are metabolically active and utilize (aerobic/anaerobic) metabolism.

A

Anaerobic

25
Q

Within the chondrocyte matrix, the deep portion is composed of (proteoglycans/collagen).

A

Proteoglycans

26
Q

Within the chondrocyte matrix, the superficial portion is composed of (proteoglycans/collagen).

A

Collagen

27
Q

Chondrocytes differentiate from mesenchymal cells under the influence of ______ and _______.

A
  • TGF-β
  • Sox9
28
Q

Sox ___ and ___ also influence chondrocyte differentiation.

A

5 and 6

29
Q

(T/F) Cartilage has no intrinsic blood vessels, nerves, or lymph vessels.

A

True

30
Q

Nutrients and wastes are transported within cartilage by ___________.

A

Diffusion

31
Q

(T/F) Cartilage damage can be sensed immediately and is able to heal most injuries given time.

A

False. Cartilage damage cannot be sensed and it is unable to heal injuries.

32
Q

Describe the structural anatomy of hyaline (articular) cartilage from outermost layer to the layer nearest the bone.

A

Image

33
Q

What are the two main functions of hyaline (articular) cartilage?

A
  • Decrease friction in the joint
  • Distribute load and resist compression
34
Q

Increasing the level of (proteoglycans/water) within hyaline cartilage causes it to become more flexible.

A

Water

35
Q

Increasing the level of (proteoglycans/water) within hyaline cartilage causes it to become more stiff.

A

Proteoglycans

36
Q

Articular cartilage can manage the impact of loads up to ___N/mm^2.

A

25N/mm^2

37
Q

Synovial joints contain ______________ that lubricates the joint, absorbs shock, provides nutrients to tissues, and removes waste products from tissue.

A

Synovial fluid

38
Q

Differing from bone, hyaline cartilage, tendons, and ligaments have a _______________ region on their stress vs. strain graph that signifies the crimping and pulling out of collagen fibers prior to the linear region of the graph.

A

Toe region

39
Q

What negative changes does overloading a joint cause?

A

Image

40
Q

___________ and ___________ are composed of organized bundles of collagen fibers. They possess great tensile strength and resist stretching in one direction.

A

Tendons and ligaments

41
Q

(Choose all that apply) Collagen fibers in tendons are:

  • Parallel
  • Oblique
  • Spiral
  • Transverse
A

Parallel

42
Q

(Choose all that apply) Collagen fibers in ligaments are:

  • Parallel
  • Oblique
  • Spiral
  • Transverse
A
  • Parallel
  • Oblique
  • Spiral
43
Q

(Bone/Tendon and ligament) has/have higher ultimate tensile strain.

A

Tendon and ligament

  • Due to lower stiffness from greater collagen content
44
Q

The more collagen a structure has, the more (compression/torsion/tensile) strength it possesses.

A

Tensile

45
Q

Normal tendon cells utilize what three metabolic pathways?

A
  • Aerobic Krebs cycle
  • Anaerobic glycolysis
  • Pentose phosphate shunt
46
Q

Aging tenocytes use only (aerobic Krebs cycle/anaerobic glycolysis/pentose phosphate shunt).

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

47
Q

(Tendons/Ligaments) connect muscle to bone.

A

Tendons

48
Q

(Tendons/Ligaments) connect bone to bone.

A

Ligaments

49
Q

(T/F) Ligaments are incredibly strong anatomical structures that bear the entire weight of a joint alone.

A

False. Ligaments share the load by having more than one ligament connect bones. An example of this is the knee and ACL, PCL, and MCL.

50
Q

(T/F) Ligaments are not well-equipped to handle shearing stress; they will experience shear failure at relatively low loads.

A

True

51
Q

Water content of ligaments (grows/diminishes) with age.

A

Diminishes

52
Q

The (ACL/MCL) has elongated nuclei, more proliferative cells, its cells migrate fairly quickly, and it readily heals most minor injuries.

A

MCL

53
Q

The (ACL/MCL) has rounded nuclei, its cells grow and migrate rather slowly, and it is unable to heal quickly or completely.

A

ACL

54
Q

The (anterior/posterior) portions of the MCL and ACL are relatively loose.

A

Anterior

55
Q

The (anterior/posterior) portions of the MCL and ACL are relatively tight.

A

Posterior

56
Q

On an MRI, a normal, uninjured ACL is (black/white) in appearance.

A

Black

57
Q

________________ are calcified collagenous fibers that anchor ligaments to bone by the periosteum.

A

Sharpey’s Fibers

MSK Test 1 (11 decks)

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