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Brain and Behavior Exam 3 > Lec 56 Cognition > Flashcards

Lec 56 Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes akinetic mutism?

A

akinetic mutism = failure to move or speak = failure of “go”

  • due to medial frontal lobe dysfunction
  • loss of intiaitve/agency/motivation

due to: stroke, medial frontal mass lesion, trauma, degeneration

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2
Q

What are two hardwired neural substrates of behavior?

A

language

visual processig

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3
Q

What is an example of incidental neural substrate of behavior?

A

crying

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of consciousness?

A

arousal and awareness

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5
Q

What are the components of cognition?

A
  • attention
  • language
  • memory
  • perceptual processing
  • praxis
  • thought content
  • executive
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6
Q

What are the 5 neuro behavioral domains?

A 
consciousness
cognition
emotion
behavior
motor
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7
Q

What determines hemispheric dominance?

A

language lateralization

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8
Q

What is signficance of handedness clinically?

A

can infer hemispheric dominance [language lateralization] from handedness

> 90% of pop is R hand –> >98% of those are L-dominant language

60% of those are L dominant for language

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9
Q

What is significance of L-handers more likely to have bilateral language representation?

A

recover language more quickly if one side of brain is damaged [stroke]

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10
Q

What does non-dominant hemisphere specialize in?

A

nonverbal functions

  • prosody [emotion conveyed by voice]
  • visual spatial analysis
  • spatial attention
  • analytical skills based on spatial organization
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11
Q

What does dominant hemisphere specialize in?

A
  • language
  • praxis [motor skill planning]
  • analytical skills based on sequential processing
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12
Q

Whaat are the 3 networks for attention?

A
  • alerting, orienting, executing
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13
Q

What are the 3 main parameters used to evaluate language dysfunction?

A

fluency [grammar/syntax]
ability to repeat
comprehension

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14
Q

What areas of brain responsible for comprehension of language? function of each

A
  • wernicke’s area [superior temporal gyrus close to primary auditory cortex]
  • —> identifies auditory stimuli as having linguistic value
  • transcortical sensory area [a temporo-parietal association area]
  • —-> determines what this info actually means
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15
Q

What areas of brain responsibel for expression of language?

A

broca’s area [inferior frontal gyrus]
—> mediates final output for language

transcortical motor area of frontal lobe
—> assembles components of language into syntactically correct structure

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16
Q

What part of brain responsible for language repetition?

A

arcuate fasciculous = connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s

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17
Q

What happens in broca’s aphasia?

A

= expressive aphasia

  • non-fluent speech missing relational words [articles, conjunctors, “telegraphic speech”]
  • preserved comprehension
  • impaired repetition
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18
Q

What happens in wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • impaired comprehension
  • impaired repetition
  • fleuncy preserved and language syntactically correct but semantically empty
    paraphrasic errors
    neologisms [made up words

= receptive aphasia

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19
Q

What is transcortical motor aphasia?

A

= expressive dysphasia
impaired fluency
preserved comprehension
preserved repetition

afffected individuals can not assemble sentences

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20
Q

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

preserved fluency
preserved repetition
impaired comprehension

= receptive aphasia

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21
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

preserved fluency
impaired repetition
preserved comprehension

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22
Q

What is impaired in global aphasia?

A

everything [fluency, repetition, comprehension] all impaired

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23
Q

What is function of non-dominant “wernicke” homologue? broca homologue?

A

wernicke = speech comprehension
its homologue = detecting prosody [emotion/intonation in language]

broca = fluency
its homolgue = imbuing prosody

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24
Q

What is alexia [without agraphia]? cause?

A

disconnection syndrome caused by PCA territory stroke

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25
Q

What is a disconnection syndrome?

A

lesion in white matter disconnects the network connections between visual cortex and language processing areas –> pt loses ability to read

26
Q

What are the different steps in memory?

A
  • attention
  • registration
  • working memory
  • evaluation for relevance
  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
27
Q

What structures mediates attention in memory?

A

ACC [anterior cingulate], parietal

28
Q

What structures mediate registration of memory?

A
  • primary sensory cortex

- prefrontal cortex [PFC]

29
Q

What structure mediates working memory?

A

dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC]

30
Q

What structures mediate evaluation of memory for relevance?

A

limbic
ACC
DLFPC

31
Q

What structure mediates encoding of memory?

A

hippocampus

32
Q

What structures mediate storage/consolidation/retrieval or memory?

A

distributed circuitry

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

impaired ability to form new memories

34
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

lose old memories

may or may not have temporal gradient [easier to remember newer or older or same for both]

35
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

lasts 5 se or less = perceptual echo

important for facilitating registration

36
Q

What is short term memory?

A

seconds to minutes

37
Q

What is working memory?

A

complex attentional circuits, tast control, short term memory systems

38
Q

What is explicit/declarative long term memory?

A

conscious and can be semantic [memory for facts] or episodic [memory for events]

39
Q

What is implicity long term memory?

A

non-conscious

procedural [memory for riding bike], classic conditional [stimulus association], or emotional memory

40
Q

In neglect: where does dominate parietal lobe mediate attention to? what about non-dominant? significance?

A 
dominant = contralateral hemispace
non-dominant = bilateral hemispace

–> neuroanatomy of neglect mediated by non-dominant parietal lobe

41
Q

What is hemi-neglect?

A

pt with neglect completely unaware of half their body

- from lesion in non-dominant parietal lobe causes contralateral neglect [lesion in right lobe causes neglect on left]

42
Q

What is agnosia?

A

intact perception but dysfunction of associational sensory processing –> impaired recognition of object

ex. visual agnosia –> inabilit to visaully recognize object even though its intact

43
Q

What is anosagnosia? 2 examples?

A

inability to recognize one’s own deficit

  • hemi-body neglect
  • anton’s syndrome –> cortical blindness but unaware of deficit
44
Q

What happens if you have complete unilateral loss of perception?

A

sensory field cut

45
Q

How do you test neglect?

A

line bissection test

clock test

46
Q

What is dyspraxia?

A

inability to perform previously learned motor task

47
Q

What is praxis? type of info needed?

A

praxis = act of translating intent into act
requires:
1. conceptual = what to do
2. performance = how to do it

48
Q

What is praxicon?

A

like a lexicon = a store of motor programs

49
Q

What is path to get praxis on right side [assuming left dominant]?

A

left parietal sends signal to SMA and other premotor areas –> send signal to left motor cortex –> left corticospinal tract –> right praxis

50
Q

What is path to get praxis on left side [assuming left dominant]?

A

left parietal sends signal to SMA and other premotor areas –> send signal via corpus callosum to right motor cortex –> right corticospinal tract –> left praxis

51
Q

What are the 3 functional subdivisions of executive prefrontal cortex?

A
  1. medial PFC/Anterior cingulate = “go”
  2. orbitofrontal cortex = “No Go”
  3. dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC = “How to go”
52
Q

Match these function subdivisions of prefrontal cortex with their function

  1. medial PFC/Anterior cingulate
  2. dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC
  3. orbitofrontal cortex

A. No Go
B. Go
C. How to Go

A
  1. medial PFC/Anterior cingulate = “go”
  2. orbitofrontal cortex = “No Go”
  3. dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC = “How to go”
53
Q

What is function of medial PFC-ACC subdivision?

A

“Go”

Function = motivation, initiative, agency

54
Q

What happens in medial PFC-ACC subdivision dysfunction? causes?

A

abulic-akinetic syndrome or akinetic mutism

causes: ACA stroke, medial frontal mass lesion, trauma, degeneration [frontotemporal dementia]

55
Q

What is function of orbitofrontal cortex subdivision?

A

“No Go”

provides brakes/inhibition

56
Q

What is function of dorsolateral-ventrolateral PFC subdivision?

A

“How to Go”

executive function

57
Q

What happens in orbitofrontal cortex subdivision dysfunction?

A

disinhibition, perseveration

58
Q

What happens in dorsolateral ventrolateral PFC subdivision dysfunction?

A

problems with shifting from 1 set to another, impaired maintenance of goal, task control, impaired error monitoring

59
Q

What does clock test tell you?

A

executive dysfunction

60
Q

What 2 components make up frontal lobe?

A

M1 and prefrontal cortex

61
Q

What components make up prefrontal cortex?

A
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
  • frontal eye fields
  • brocas
  • transcortical motor
  • executive prefrontal cortex

Brain and Behavior Exam 3 (32 decks)

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