Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behavior Exam 3 > Lec 41 Limbic Behavior, Emotions, and Learning > Flashcards

Lec 41 Limbic Behavior, Emotions, and Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What are the major functions of the limbic system?

A

amygala = emotions + drive
hippocampal formation = memory
hypothalamus = homeostasis
olfaction

the 4 Fs –> fear, food, fight, fornication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of amygdala?

A
  • assigns emotional valence to sensory input
  • adds emotional content to declarative memories
  • major output path to anterior hypothalamus [autonomic + endocrine]
  • fear conditioning
  • many connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 major areas of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?

A
  • role in reward, pleasure, laughter, addiction, aggression, fear, placebo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A
  • memory formation

- inhibitory control of HPA [hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal] axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A
  • cognitive control, solving complex tasks, working memory, decision making and planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A
  • corrects and inhibits maladaptive emotional responses

- mediates socially appropriate behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A
  • mediates reward, anticipation, empathy, emotional response, motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the process of emotion perception?

A

stimulus present

  • -> appraised via amygdala + insula
  • affective state via amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, nuc accum
  • regulation by anterior cingulate, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the neurochemistry of schizophrenia?

A
  • hyperactivity of DA neruons in mesolimbic path mediates pos symptoms of psychosis
  • hypoactivity of DA neurons in mesocortical path mediates negative + cognitive symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you see in fMRI of pt with schizophrenia?

A
  • decrease activity dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate [ACC] during executive function/ memory
  • decreased hippocampal activity during memory
  • inability to engage amygdala, ACC, hippocampus in processing stimuli with high emotional valence
  • dysfunctional interconnectivity between frontal and temporal regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the learning theory?

A
  • strengthen existing responses or formation of new responses to existing stimuli that occurs because of practice or repetition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

A

habituation and sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is habituation?

A
  • decreased responding after repeated stimuli

ex. filter out continuous stimuli in our surrounding environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sensitization?

A

increased responding after repeated stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

classical + operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A
  • example of sensitization

- mech underlying memory + learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is kindling?

A
  • type of sensitization
  • repeated stimulation hippocampal or amygdala neurons –> leads to seizures

after sensitized, little stimulation needed to produce seizures = model for epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is central sensitization

A
  • type of sensitization
  • prolonged activity of dorsal horn neurons caused by repeated noxious stimulation causes increased neuronal responsiveness

–> cause hyperalgesia, allodyna = mech of chronic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is drug sensitization?

A
  • type of sensitization
  • causes increased effect of drug with repeated doses
  • -> craving, drug adverse effects
  • -> neuroplastic changes in mesolimbic DA path
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is associative learning?

A

behavioral change caused by animal’s learning that particular temporal association occurs between two stimuli

ie associates presented stimulus with another stimulus or event such as reward or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

temporal association of neutral stimulus with a behaviorally vant unconditioned stimulus –> causes the neutral stimulus to bring about response similar to that normally associated with the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 key elements to classical conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus [US]: stimulus that without training produces a reflexive unlearned response [ex odor of food]

unconditioned response [UR]: response that occurs spontaneously to unconditioned stimulus [ex salivation]

conditioned stimulus [CS]: neutral stimulus that elicits conditioned response following learning [ex sound of a bell]

conditioned response [CR]: behavior learned by an association made between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus; = the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus [ex salivation in response to the sound of bell]

24
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of classical conditioning?

A

acquisition = period when conditioned response [CR] is acquired

extinction = reduced CR when CS is repeatedly presented in absence of US with which it had previously paired
CR = salivation at bell; CS = bell; US = smell of food

spontaneous recovery = increase in strength of extinguished CR after the passage of a period of time

stimulus generalization = elicitation of CR in response to new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus

25
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A
  • a type of classical conditioning
  • association between aversive stimulus and inability to escape
  • –> hopelessness, apathetic response during subsequent exposure to same or new aversive stimulus
26
Q

What is imprinting?

A
  • a type of classical conditioning
  • process by which learning occurs at particular age or life stage
  • rapid and independent of consequences of behavior
27
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A
  • type of classical conditioning
  • aversive stimulus associated with particular neutral context or stimulus
  • -> results in expression of fear response causing expression of fear response to the originally neutral stimulus
28
Q

What happens in fear conditioning?

A
  • components of implicit and explicit memory
  • amygdala may play important role –> neurons in amygdala undergo plastic changes [LTP-like]
  • hippocampus plays role in contextual fear conditioning
29
Q

What is the fear network?

A
  • sensory info comes into amygdala by 2 major paths
  • —- short loop = direct sensory input from sensory thalamus = rapid response to potentially threatening stimuli
  • —- long loop = from thalamus to cortex where processed/evaluated to amygdala to temper amygdala’s response
30
Q

What is theory of anxiety disorder associated with fear netowrk

A
  • anxiety disorder = deficit in higher cortical processing paths leading to failure to shut off amygdala
31
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • trial and error learning
  • learning due to consequences of previous behavior
  • different from classical conditioning b/c deals with modification of voluntary behavior
32
Q

What is positive vs negative reinforcement?

A 
positive = introduce stimulus results in increase in rate of behavior
negative = removal of aversive stimulus results in increase in rate of behavior
33
Q

What is punishment?

A

introduction of aversive stimulus aimed at reducing rate of unwanted behavior

34
Q

what is extinction?

A

gradual disappearance of learned behavior when reinforcement/reward is withheld

35
Q

Are behavior effects of punishment or reinforcement more likely to be long term?

A

punishment = more temporary

reinforcement = longer term

36
Q

What are the different types of fixed schedules of reinforcement?

A

continuous: reward given each time desired behavior occurs

fixed ratio: reward after designated # of responses

fixed interval: reward given after designated amount of time

37
Q

What are different types of variable schedules of reinforcement?

A

variable ratio: reward given after random + unpredictable # of responses

variable interval: reward given after random and unpredictable amount of time

38
Q

What is modeling?

A
  • 3rd type of learning
  • type of observational learning
  • individual observes others and imitates their behaviors
  • more efficient + faster than operant learning
39
Q

What is neurobiology of operant conditioning?

A
  • nucleus basalis ACh neurons activate after conditioned stimulus or primary reward
  • dopamine plays role in positive reinforcement and aversive learning
40
Q

What structures make up the reward pathway?

A
  • cortex receives and processes sensory stimulus indicating reward
  • sends signal to ventral tegmental area [VTA] of midbrain
  • VTA —> dopamine to nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
  • amygdala acts on nucleus accumbens further
  • nuc accumbens activates motor function to go after stimulus via ventral pallidum and structures of extrapyramidal motor system
  • cortex allows integration of info, development learning and motivation
41
Q

What is the effect of drugs on reward paths?

A
  • activate brain regions normally control responses to natural rewards + important for survival
  • drugs of abuse activate mesolimbic dopamine system and increase dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens
42
Q

What type of reinforcement in drug use?

A
  • early/occassional use = positive reinforcement to motivate behavior
  • later/chronic/frequent use = negative reinforcement
43
Q

What is kluvery-bucy syndrome?

A
  • hypoactivity of limbic system [remove amygdala in monkey]

characterized by: hyperorality, hypersexuality, no fear, tameness

44
Q

What is urbach-wiethe disease?

A
  • rare autosomal recessive disease
  • have bilateral calcifications of anterior temporal lobes [esp. amygdala]
  • normal intelligence/ language/ memory for neutral stimuli
  • impaired long term memory for emotionally intense stimuli
  • cannot properly rate intensity of emotion or recognize a fearful expression
45
Q

What are the neural pathways for empathy?

A
  • insula = experience painful emotions, observe them in others
  • anterior cingulate cortex = tell when something is wrong
  • amgydala/orbitofrontal cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex = experience empathy and maintain socially acceptable behavior
46
Q

What are symptoms of sociopathy?

A
  • lack of respect for social norms
  • reckless, irritable, impulsive, aggressive
  • lack of remorse/guilt
  • lack of empathy, compassion, fear
  • repeated lying and conning other for personal benefit and pleasure
  • failure to plan ahead
  • symptoms generally onset before age 15
47
Q

What limbic dysfunction causes sociopathy?

A
  • amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex hypoactivity
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex dysfunction
  • reduced activity insular and angterior cingulate cortex regions related to cooperative tasks, emotional recognition
48
Q

What is limbic encephalitis?

A
  • group of autoimmune disorders affecting limbic system

- usually caused by paraneoplastic autoimmune syndrome

49
Q

What is cardinal sign of limbic encephalitis? other symptoms?

A
  • subacute onset short term memory loss

other:
- behavioral, psych, confusion, seizures

50
Q

What is the neuropathology of limbic encephalitis? etiology?

A
  • mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates, loss of neurons, and proliferation of astrocytes/microglia in hippocampus and amygdala
    etiology: autoimmune –> anitbodies against intracellular antigens or neuronal surface antigens
51
Q

What are the 3 major groups of limbic encephalitis?

A
  • LE associated witih classic onconeural antibodies = majority associated with neoplasm
  • LE associated with antibodies agaisnt neuronal surface/synaptic antigens
  • LE associated with not known antibody = many associated with neoplasm
52
Q

What are clinical findings of limbic encephtalitis?

A

CSF –> may find anti-neuronal antibodies, high lymphocytes and protein

EEG –> seizure/epileptiform activity in temporal region or slow wave

MRI –> hyperintense signals, mild swelling medial temporal lobes

PET –> hypermetabolism in medial temporal lobes

53
Q

What kind of limbic encephalitis causes ovarian teratoma? other symptoms?

A
  • antibody to NMDA-R

other symptoms: psychiatric, dystonia, depressed consciousness, hypoventilation, seizures

54
Q

What is herpes simplex encephalitis?

A
  • usually caused by HSV1 infection of medial temporal lobe and inferior fronal lobe
  • due to direct transmission from periphery via CN 1, 5
  • causes inflammation, necrosis, hemorrhage

acute = confusion, seizures, impaired memory/consciousness
progressive in 7-14 days and often fatal if untreated

55
Q

What is temporal lobe epilepsy?

A
  • reccurent epileptic seizures from 1 or both temporal lobes [medial or lateral]
  • seizure symptoms: hallucinations, illusions, amnesia, mood changes, fear, anger
  • characteristic personality syndrome: hyperreligiosity, circumstantiality, hypermortality, altered sexuality
56
Q

What are signs of frontotemporal dementia?

A
  • personality change, inappropriate behavior, apathy, mood symptoms, language impairment
57
Q

What happens in alzheimers disease?

A
  • impaired memory and lanuga; paranoia and delusions

- due to hippocampal dysfunction

Brain and Behavior Exam 3 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions