- Facilitating movement - Sensing position and movement - Providing stability - Shock absorption - Supporting weight and force transfer

Lec 5: Musculoskeletal system Flashcards by nour bahgat

Basic structures of musculoskeletal system

Bones
Joints
Muscles
Nerve Supply

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The bones along the longitudinal axis of the body that support the head, neck and trunk

Axial skeleton

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The bones of the upper and lower limbs

Appendicular skeleton

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Mechanical functions of bone

Providing support for the body against external forces
Acting as a lever system to transfer forces
Protection for vital organs

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Physiological functions of bone

Hematopoiesis (forming blood cells)
Mineral homeostasis (storing calcium)

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Bones that act as levers and transmit longitudinal forces

Femur, tibia, radius

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Bones that provide strength and transmit longitudinal forces

Carpal bones, tarsal bones (wrist and ankle)

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Bones that provide protection and are points of muscle and ligaments attachments

Sternum, ribs, skull, scapula

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A bone that improves mechanical leverage of the knee

Patella (sesamoid bone)

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Type of bones that make up about 80% of the bones of the human body, their basic structural unit is the haversian system (osteon), mostly form all long bones, stiff and brittle

Compact bones

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Type of bones that constitute 20% of the body bones, their functional unit is trabeculaes, have several pores that are filled with nerves and blood vessels, compliant and ductile

Spongy/cancellous bones

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Joint function

Facilitating movement
Sensing position and movement
Providing stability
Shock absorption
Supporting weight and force transfer

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Structures of the joint that help in shock absorption

Cartilage and synovial fluid

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List the positions of these bones:
- Femur
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Tibia
- Scapula

Thigh bone
Upper arm bone
One of the forearm bones
Shinbone
Shoulder blade

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Structural classification of joints

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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A joint where the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead meet each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid, is the most common joint of the body

Synovial joint

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Joints that are present in skull sutures, teeth, ulna and radius connection

Fibrous joint

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Joints that are present in pelvis and epiphyseal plate (responsible for growth)

Cartilaginous joint

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Functional classification of joints

Synarthrosis joint
Amphiarthrosis joint
Diarthrosis joint

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Immobile joints

Synarthrosis (fibrous and cartilaginous)

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Slightly movable joints

Amphiarthrosis (fibrous and cartilaginous)

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Freely movable joints

Diarthrosis (synovial joints)

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Uniaxial joint in the body (flexion/extension)

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Elbow

Biaxial joints in the body (flexion/extension & abduction/adduction)

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Joints connecting fingers and hand

Triaxial joint in body (flexion/extension & abduction/adduction & medial/lateral rotation)

Shoulder and hip (ball-and-socket joints)

A type of diarthrotic joints that allow movement in one plane usually flexion and extension

Hinge (elbow, ankle, knee)

A diarthrotic joint that is characterized by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape, 2 DOF, present in thumb

Saddle joint

A diarthrotic joint that allows for rotation only

Pivot joint

A diarthrotic joint that contains a convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity, similar to ball-and-socket but with no rotation (2 DOF), present in wrist

Condyloid/ellipsoid joint (e.g. wrist joint)

Joints that have 1 DOF

- Hinge - Pivot - Plane

Joints that have 2 DOF

- Saddle - Ellipsoid

A thick fluid that provides lubrication between bones of joint, provides nourishment to the articular cartilage which doesn't contain blood vessels

Synovial fluid

A type of cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface at each bone, also helps in shock absorption, and weight transfer

Hyaline cartilage

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, allows for normal movements but limit the range of motion, preventing excessive or abnormal joint movements

Ligaments (الأربطة)

A connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone and provides and additional joint support

Tendon (الأوتار)

Most common cartilage found in the body

Hyaline cartilage

Strongest cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Least common cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Mature cells found in the extracellular matrix in cartilage and is responsible for maintenance of ECM

Chondrocytes (fibrochondrocytes in fibrocartilage)

Cartilage components that provide a flexible tissue that can resist compressive stresses

ECM, collagen and ground substance

Part of the cartilage which contributes to load transfer

Collagen (has tensile strength)

Cartilage present in joint surfaces, the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, responsible for weight transfer and reducing friction

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage present in intervertebral discs, ligaments, fibrous joints, usually a transitional layer between hyaline cartilage and tendon, increase congruence (shape fitting)

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage present in the external ear, epiglottis, and larynx, provides strength and maintains the shape of certain structures

Elastic cartilage

Forces encountered by hyaline cartilage

- Compressive - Tensile - Shear

A type of fibrocartilage that minimizes friction between bone and tendon

Stratiform Fibrocartilage

A type of fibrocartilage found in intervertebral discs, increases shock absorption and transmits load

Connecting fibrocartilage

A type of fibrocartilage found in the menisci of the knee, acts as thrust pads and helps prevent instability of the joints

Intra-articular fibrocartilage

A part of the musculoskeletal system which has high resilience and acts like a biological spring

Tendons

A mechanism where energy is initially absorbed by the tendon during a brief and rapid event, followed by a relatively slow flow of energy from the tendon to the muscle

Tendon buffering mechanism

A part of the musculoskeletal system that acts as a joint stabilizer (requires no metabolic energy)

Ligaments

Which is less elastic tendon or ligaments

Tendon is less elastic (more rigid) for force transmission while ligament is more elastic to allow joint flexibility and prevent dislocations

A type of bone that is involved in the dynamic process of formation and breakdown of bone (bone remodeling)

Trabecular bone

Bone cells that play a crucial role in liberating minerals and other molecules stored in the bone matrix

Osteclasts

Bone cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue by secreting osteoid which is composed of collagen and ground substance

Osteoblasts

Lec 5: Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

(55 cards)