Lec 2: Nervous System

Question 1

Specialized proteins or structures in the body that sense and respond to various stimuli from the internal or external environment

Answer 1

Receptors

Question 2

Part of the nervous system that contains all the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 3

A part of the peripheral nervous system that controls self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands

Answer 3

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 4

A part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Answer 4

Somatic Nervous System

Question 5

A part of the peripheral nervous system that promotes a state of relaxation and conserves energy by slowing down bodily processes

Answer 5

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 6

Pressure necessary to prevent solvent migration

Answer 6

Osmotic Pressure

Question 7

Highly specific part of the nervous system where each is responsible for a single function

Answer 7

Neurons

Question 8

They play a crucial role in the functioning of organisms by allowing them to perceive and adapt to changes in their surroundings

Answer 8

Receptors

Question 9

Responsible for detecting sensory stimuli inside or outside the body

Answer 9

Sensory Receptors

Question 10

Receptors that play a crucial role in coordination and balance (IMUs of the body)

Answer 10

Proprioceptors

Question 11

Receptors for dopamine, serotonin and acetyl choline

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter Receptors

Question 12

Receptors that respond to painful stimuli alerting the body

Answer 12

Pain Receptors or Nociceptors

Question 13

Receptors that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth and reproduction

Answer 13

Hormone Receptors

Question 14

Crucial component of the body’s feedback system for regulating fluid balance

Answer 14

Osmoreceptors

Question 15

Receptors that contribute to our perception of internal sensations and help regulate organ function

Answer 15

Visceral receptors

Question 16

Receptors that detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate it to maintain homeostasis

Answer 16

Baroreceptors

Question 17

Receptors that lie within body tissues to monitor internal organ functions and provide crucial homeostasis feedback regulation

Answer 17

Visceral Receptors

Question 18

Location of skin sensory receptors

Answer 18

Dermis

Question 19

A process in which the receptor converts the stimulus into action potentials

Answer 19

Sensory transduction

Question 20

Sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential

Answer 20

Action Potential

Question 21

At this point a small subset of potassium channels are open, permitting K+ ions to enter and exit the cell based on electrochemical forces. For each K+ ion that leaves the cell, another returns, maintaining the membrane potential at a constant value.

Answer 21

Resting potential

Question 22

A phase at which Na+ channels open, permitting Na+ ions to enter the neuron.

Answer 22

Depolarization phase

Question 23

A phase at which many of the voltage-gated sodium channels begin to close. Second, many more potassium channels open, allowing positive charges to leave the cell

Answer 23

Repolarization phase

Question 24

A phase at which more potassium channels are open at this point than during the membrane’s resting state, allowing more positively charged K+ ions to leave the cell.

Answer 24

Hyperpolarization phase

Question 25

The period during which the neuron is incapable of generating another action potential, regardless of the strength of the stimulus.

Answer 25

Absolute refractory period

Question 26

The period during which the neuron can generate another action potential, but only if the stimulus is stronger than usual.

Answer 26

Relative refractory period

Question 27

a period which allows for control over the frequency of action potentials and prevents excessive firing.

Answer 27

Relative refractory period

Question 28

It acts as a decision-making center for the neuron, where incoming signals are summed up and evaluated. Determines whether an action potential should be generated or not.

Answer 28

Axon Hillock

Question 29

Neurons that travel from spinal cord to muscle

Answer 29

Lower motor neurons

Question 30

Neurons that travel between the brain and spinal cord

Answer 30

Upper motor neurons

Question 31

A process in which neurons interact together and where neurotransmitter release happens which lead to firing of action potential in the other neuron

Answer 31

Synaptic transmission

Question 32

A part of the nervous system where filtration and modulation of sensory information happen before reaching higher regions of the brain

Answer 32

Spinal cord and brain stem

Question 33

The only cells that are capable of generating an action potential

Answer 33

Neurons and muscle cells

Question 34

A part of the receptor that is deformed by pressure and as a result presses on the tip of the sensory neuron

Answer 34

Lamellae

Question 35

Type of neurons that transmit info from receptors to CNS

Answer 35

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Question 36

Type of neurons that carry actuation signals from CNS to effectors

Answer 36

Efferent (motor) neurons

Question 37

A part of the neuron that prevents excessive excitation, and increases the speed of action potential propagation.

Answer 37

Myelin sheath

Question 38

A part of the neuron that prevents loss of signals

Answer 38

Myelin sheath (includes fat which acts as insulation)

Question 39

A small gap or interruption in the myelin sheath that surrounds axons of certain neurons

Answer 39

Node of Ranvier

Question 40

A mode of action potential travel in myelinated nerve fibers where action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

Answer 40

Saltatory conduction

Question 41

A mode of action potential travel where the action potential travels along the entire length of an axon

Answer 41

Continuous conduction