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biochemistry > lec 4: genetic management pt. 2 > Flashcards

lec 4: genetic management pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

cytoplasm, specifically in ribosome

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2
Q

What is the process of translating the nucleotide sequence of the bases on the mRNA into an amino acid sequence of a protein called?

A

Translation / Protein Synthesis

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3
Q

What is the enzyme that will activate amino acids?

A

Aminoacyl transferase (AAT)

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4
Q

the bond between amino acid in forming protein

A

peptide bonds

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5
Q

what are the requirements in translation?

A

ribosomes, mRNA, initiator tRNA, protein factors

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6
Q

it carries the first amino acid in the protein, which is almost always methionine (Met)

A

initiator tRNA

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7
Q

it acts as a template or a messenger to determine which amino acids will be included in the protein
sequence

A

mRNA

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8
Q

what are the key players in translation

A

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

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9
Q

three parts of translation

A

▪ Chain Initiation
▪ Chain Elongation
▪ Chain Termination

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10
Q

the rules that specify how the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

A

genetic code

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11
Q

The nucleotide sequence is read as triplets called

A

codons

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12
Q

T/F: Each amino acid is specified by one or more codons in the DNA

A

T

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13
Q

each group of nucleotide in the sequence of mRNA

A

codon

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14
Q

T/F: codons in the codon chart can specify more than 1 amino acid

A

F

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15
Q

T/F: there are no spaces or commas between codon in mRNA

A

T

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16
Q

role of tRNA in translation

A

it decodes the information in the mRNA

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17
Q

this enzyme recognizes the correct amino acid and covalently links it to the 3’ end of the tRNA

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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18
Q

it is complementary to the codon on the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

A

anticodon sequence

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19
Q

the charge form or activated tRNA. It is needed before the translation to begin.

A

aminoacyl tRNA

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20
Q

when aminoacyl-AMP is charged in the 2’ hydroxyl group of the tRNA

A

Class I

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21
Q

when aminoacyl-AMP is charged in the 3’ hydroxyl group of tRNA

A

Class II

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22
Q

what are the initiation factors

A

mRNA
small and large ribosomal subunits
initiator tRNA (aminoacyl tRNA)

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23
Q

it recognizes the AUG codon and carries the amino acid methione

A

aminoacyl tRNA

24
Q

2 sites of ribosome for binding tRNA

A

peptidyl, aminoacyl

25
Q

holds the peptidyl tRNA, the growing peptide bound to a tRNA molecule

A

peptidyl site (p-site)

26
Q

holds the aminoacyl tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the peptide chain

A

aminoacyl site (a-site)

27
Q

the first stage in translation

A

initiation

28
Q

in elongation, these steps are repeated until protein synthesis is complete:

A
  1. aminoacyl-RNA binds to A-site GTP
  2. peptide bond forms
  3. Translocation
29
Q

this enzyme catalyzes the formation of peptide bond, located in the large unit

A

peptidyl transferase

30
Q

the stage of translation where completed protein is released from ribosome

A

termination

31
Q

when does translation terminates?

A

when one of the stop codons are encountered

32
Q

what are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

33
Q

removal of incorrect nucleotides after they are added

A

proofread

34
Q

In translation, ______ _________ has a proofreading activity.

A

aminoacyl transferase

35
Q

Any permanent, heritable change in the DNA base sequence of an organism

A

mutation

36
Q

2 origins of mutation

A

spontaneous, induced

37
Q

this mutation occur naturally during normal genetic & metabolic functions in the cell.

A

spontaneous mutation

38
Q

origin of mutation that do not occur spontaneously

A

induced mutations

39
Q

a type of mutagen that can be caused by the sun’s radiation

A

ultraviolet light

40
Q

It can directly damage the DNA by breaking the double strand or single strand break

A

ionization radiation

41
Q

The UV light and Ionizing radiation are example of

A

physical mutagen

42
Q

Insert themselves between the DNA base pairs

A

intercalating agents

43
Q

example of base analogs

A

5-bromouracil (the homologue of thymine)

44
Q

point mutation where only 1 base can be changed

A

single base alteration

45
Q

2 types of single base alteration

A

transition, transverstion

46
Q

a type of single base alteration that replaces a purine-pyrimidine base pair with a different purine pyrimidine pair

A

transition

47
Q

a type of single base alteration that replaces a purine-pyrimidine base pair with a pyrimidine-purine base pair

A

transversion

48
Q

4 variety of mutations

A
  1. silent
  2. missense
  3. non-sense
  4. frameshift
49
Q

New codon specifies the same amino acid

A

silent mutation

50
Q

New codon specifies the different amino acid

A

missense mutation

51
Q

the substitution of a new base pair results in a premature stop codon

A

non-sense mutation

52
Q

a type of point mutation where the nucleotides of a DNA sequence are altered in a way that changes one or more codons

A

frameshift mutation

53
Q

involves the removal of the portion of a newly synthesized strand of recently replicated DNA that contains a pair of mismatched bases.

A

mismatch repair

54
Q

the repair mechanism that is common for
DNA lesions caused by UV or chemical means

A

nucleotide excision repair

55
Q

present enzyme in nucleotide excision repair that will detect the rror

A

ABC exinuclease

56
Q

this mechanism is used to detect and remove certain types of damaged bases

A

base excision repair

biochemistry (12 decks)

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