lec 4: genetic management pt. 2

Question 1

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 1

cytoplasm, specifically in ribosome

Question 2

What is the process of translating the nucleotide sequence of the bases on the mRNA into an amino acid sequence of a protein called?

Answer 2

Translation / Protein Synthesis

Question 3

What is the enzyme that will activate amino acids?

Answer 3

Aminoacyl transferase (AAT)

Question 4

the bond between amino acid in forming protein

Answer 4

peptide bonds

Question 5

what are the requirements in translation?

Answer 5

ribosomes, mRNA, initiator tRNA, protein factors

Question 6

it carries the first amino acid in the protein, which is almost always methionine (Met)

Answer 6

initiator tRNA

Question 7

it acts as a template or a messenger to determine which amino acids will be included in the protein
sequence

Answer 7

mRNA

Question 8

what are the key players in translation

Answer 8

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

Question 9

three parts of translation

Answer 9

▪ Chain Initiation
▪ Chain Elongation
▪ Chain Termination

Question 10

the rules that specify how the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Answer 10

genetic code

Question 11

The nucleotide sequence is read as triplets called

Answer 11

codons

Question 12

T/F: Each amino acid is specified by one or more codons in the DNA

Answer 12

T

Question 13

each group of nucleotide in the sequence of mRNA

Answer 13

codon

Question 14

T/F: codons in the codon chart can specify more than 1 amino acid

Answer 14

F

Question 15

T/F: there are no spaces or commas between codon in mRNA

Answer 15

T

Question 16

role of tRNA in translation

Answer 16

it decodes the information in the mRNA

Question 17

this enzyme recognizes the correct amino acid and covalently links it to the 3’ end of the tRNA

Answer 17

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Question 18

it is complementary to the codon on the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

Answer 18

anticodon sequence

Question 19

the charge form or activated tRNA. It is needed before the translation to begin.

Answer 19

aminoacyl tRNA

Question 20

when aminoacyl-AMP is charged in the 2’ hydroxyl group of the tRNA

Answer 20

Class I

Question 21

when aminoacyl-AMP is charged in the 3’ hydroxyl group of tRNA

Answer 21

Class II

Question 22

what are the initiation factors

Answer 22

mRNA
small and large ribosomal subunits
initiator tRNA (aminoacyl tRNA)

Question 23

it recognizes the AUG codon and carries the amino acid methione

Answer 23

aminoacyl tRNA

Question 24

2 sites of ribosome for binding tRNA

Answer 24

peptidyl, aminoacyl

Question 25

holds the peptidyl tRNA, the growing peptide bound to a tRNA molecule

Answer 25

peptidyl site (p-site)

Question 26

holds the aminoacyl tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the peptide chain

Answer 26

aminoacyl site (a-site)

Question 27

the first stage in translation

Answer 27

initiation

Question 28

in elongation, these steps are repeated until protein synthesis is complete:

Answer 28

1. aminoacyl-RNA binds to A-site GTP 2. peptide bond forms 3. Translocation

Question 29

this enzyme catalyzes the formation of peptide bond, located in the large unit

Answer 29

peptidyl transferase

Question 30

the stage of translation where completed protein is released from ribosome

Answer 30

termination

Question 31

when does translation terminates?

Answer 31

when one of the stop codons are encountered

Question 32

what are the 3 stop codons?

Answer 32

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 33

removal of incorrect nucleotides after they are added

Answer 33

proofread

Question 34

In translation, ______ _________ has a proofreading activity.

Answer 34

aminoacyl transferase

Question 35

Any permanent, heritable change in the DNA base sequence of an organism

Answer 35

mutation

Question 36

2 origins of mutation

Answer 36

spontaneous, induced

Question 37

this mutation occur naturally during normal genetic & metabolic functions in the cell.

Answer 37

spontaneous mutation

Question 38

origin of mutation that do not occur spontaneously

Answer 38

induced mutations

Question 39

a type of mutagen that can be caused by the sun's radiation

Answer 39

ultraviolet light

Question 40

It can directly damage the DNA by breaking the double strand or single strand break

Answer 40

ionization radiation

Question 41

The UV light and Ionizing radiation are example of

Answer 41

physical mutagen

Question 42

Insert themselves between the DNA base pairs

Answer 42

intercalating agents

Question 43

example of base analogs

Answer 43

5-bromouracil (the homologue of thymine)

Question 44

point mutation where only 1 base can be changed

Answer 44

single base alteration

Question 45

2 types of single base alteration

Answer 45

transition, transverstion

Question 46

a type of single base alteration that replaces a purine-pyrimidine base pair with a different purine pyrimidine pair

Answer 46

transition

Question 47

a type of single base alteration that replaces a purine-pyrimidine base pair with a pyrimidine-purine base pair

Answer 47

transversion

Question 48

4 variety of mutations

Answer 48

1. silent 2. missense 3. non-sense 4. frameshift

Question 49

New codon specifies the same amino acid

Answer 49

silent mutation

Question 50

New codon specifies the different amino acid

Answer 50

missense mutation

Question 51

the substitution of a new base pair results in a premature stop codon

Answer 51

non-sense mutation

Question 52

a type of point mutation where the nucleotides of a DNA sequence are altered in a way that changes one or more codons

Answer 52

frameshift mutation

Question 53

involves the removal of the portion of a newly synthesized strand of recently replicated DNA that contains a pair of mismatched bases.

Answer 53

mismatch repair

Question 54

the repair mechanism that is common for DNA lesions caused by UV or chemical means

Answer 54

nucleotide excision repair

Question 55

present enzyme in nucleotide excision repair that will detect the rror

Answer 55

ABC exinuclease

Question 56

this mechanism is used to detect and remove certain types of damaged bases

Answer 56

base excision repair