lec 1: biochemical system of the cell Flashcards
The study that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms
biochemistry
another term for starch
amylum
the building blocks of plant cells
cellulose
biochemist who synthesized urea
Friedrich Wöhler
biochemist who coined the term enzyme
Wilhelm Kühne
biochemist who worked on fermentation
Eduard Buchner
three biochemists who discovered insulin
- John James Rickard Macleod
- Nicolae Paulescu
- Frederick Grant Banting
biochemist who discovered DNA carries heredity information
Frederick Griffith
biochemist who first isolated an enzyme in crystallized form to show that enzyme was a protein
James B. Sumner
Father of Biochemistry
Carl Neuberg
these biochemists discovered the double helical structure of DNA
- James D. Watson
- Francis Crick
- Rosalind Franklin
- Maurice Wilkins
another term for urea
carbamide
functional group: ROH
hydroxyl group
functional group: ROR’
ether group
functional group: RCOOR’
ester group
functional group: RNH
amino group
functional group: RCONH2
amide group
functional group: RCOR’
ketones
functional group: RCOH
aldehydes
functional group: RSH
sulfhydryl
functional group: COOH
carboxyl
hydrocarbons with one C-C double bond
alkenes
functional group: PO4
phosphate
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryote
multicellular, has nucleus, complex structures, and specialized organelles
eukaryote
5 kingdom classification
- fungi
- plants
- animals
- protista
- monera
no definite nucleus
prokaryote
site of cellular respiration in eukaryote
mitochondria
type of chromosome in prokaryote
single circular
where is the chromosome located in prokaryote
nucleoid
T/F: ribosomes are only present in eukaryotes?
false - present ang ribosomes both sa prokaryotes and eukaryotes
T/F: prokaryotes have chloroplasts
false, present lang siya sa eukaryotes (specifcally sa green plants)
the organelle responsible for converting light energy into chemical in green plants
chloroplast
T/F: mitochondrion has its own DNA
true
the site of most DNA and RNA synthesis
nucleus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Golgi apparatus
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
lysosome
Contain oxidase enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
Separates the cell contents from the outside world
cell membrane
rigid exterior layer of plant cells
cell wall
large, fluid-filled organelle; store water, enzymes, metabolic, wastes, and other materials
central vacoule
levels of organization of the human body
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
a living organism needs to obtain energy and nutrients in order to live
metabolism
2 types of metabolism
- anabolism
- catabolism
2 mechanisms of carbohydrate utilization
- fermentation
- respiration
Anaerobic process of energy generation
fermentation
Aerobic process of energy production
respiration
end products of respiration
carbon dioxide and water
major pathway to convert glucose to pyruvate
Glycolytic Pathway / Embden Meyerhof Parnas Pathway
the conversion of glucose-6-PO4 to glyceraldehyde-3- PO4 and pyruvic acid
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
anaerobic utilization of pyruvic acid in fermentation has 2 products:
ethanol, lactic acid
aerobic utilization of pyruvic acid is through:
krebs cycle
inorganic biochemical system
Water, Minerals and Ions
organic biochemical system
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
boiling temperature of water
100 C
properties of water: the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
high specific heat
properties of water: heat needed to change water into gas
high heat of evaporation
properties of water: universal solvent
polarity
properties of water: can stick to itself and other molecules
H-Bonding
ability to bind itself
cohesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
adhesion
major minerals are called?
macrominerals
Ar, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn are classifed as?
microminerals
primary energy source stored primarily as glycogen
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
disaccharides
classification of carbohydrates:
cannot be hydrolyzed
monosaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
polysaccharides
fats and oils are
lipids
classification of lipids
- nonsaponifiable
- saponifiable
comprises one or more ester groups, enabling it to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of a base, acid, or enzymes
saponifiable lipids
simple lipids contain 2 types of components:
fatty acid & alcohol
complex lipids contains…
additional groups
CHONS polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
proteins
enzymes act as…
catalysts
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen
hemoglobin
protein in blood; maintains the osmotic balance
albumin
act as antibodies
immunoglobulins
protein function that help manage hemostasis
coagulation factors
Linear polymers that consist of monomers called nucleotides
nucleic acids
each nucleotide carries:
- sugar
- base
- phosphate
it stores the genetic information
DNA
it transcribes the genetic information
RNA
Group of organic compounds essential for normal growth and functioning of human body
vitamins
fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A D E K
where is the chromosome located in prokaryote
nucleoid
Protozoans are classified as Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Eukaryote
Monera are classified as Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Prokaryote
The microorganism, in which the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan layer is classified as Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Prokaryote
The functional group that is also called as olefins
alkenes
Lipids are Polar or Non-polar?
non-polar
