lec 3: genetic management pt. 1

Question 1

it postulates that DNA holds the blueprint for crafting the diverse array of proteins vital to our biological processes.

Answer 1

central dogma

Question 2

the conversion of DNA instructions into tangible functional products

Answer 2

gene expression

Question 3

who postulated the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 3

Francis Crick

Question 4

what do you call the sequence of bases on one automatically determines the sequence of bases on the other

Answer 4

complementary strands

Question 5

The helix completes one turn every…

Answer 5

10 base pairs

Question 6

Reverse transcription is evident in…

Answer 6

retroviruses like HIV and COVID-19

Question 7

The pathway through which RNA’s genetic code is ingeniously woven into the fabric of new DNA

Answer 7

Reverse Transcription

Question 8

the process where DNA is replicated before a cell divides so that each daughter cells inherit a copy of each gene.

Answer 8

DNA Replication

Question 9

where does DNA replication occur

Answer 9

S Phase of the cell cycle

Question 10

T/F: DNA replication is not semiconservative

Answer 10

F - it is a semiconservative replication

Question 11

the point at which DNA double helix starts to unwind

Answer 11

Origin of Replication (Replication Origin)

Question 12

the Origin of Replication occurs…

Answer 12

bidirectionally

Question 13

The point where the new deoxyribonucleotide is added to the growing daughter strand

Answer 13

Replication Fork

Question 14

how many replication forks move in the opposite direction?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

what happens to the DNA in the presence of replication fork?

Answer 15

it opens to allow binding of various proteins and enzymes for DNA replication

Question 16

first step of DNA replication

Answer 16

unwinding the helix

Question 17

2nd step of DNA replication

Answer 17

SSB Protein bind to the separated strands

Question 18

3rd step of DNA replication

Answer 18

Primase Reaction

Question 19

4th step of DNA replication

Answer 19

Start of DNA synthesis

Question 20

5th step of DNA replication

Answer 20

Removal of RNA primers on lagging strands

Question 21

6th step of DNA replication

Answer 21

Proofread

Question 22

final step of DNA replication

Answer 22

Seals the nick

Question 23

what does the unwinding of DNA causes?

Answer 23

supercoiling

Question 24

supercoiling is relieve by the enzyme…

Answer 24

topoisomerase

Question 25

what enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds during the 1st step of replication

Answer 25

helicase

Question 26

this enzyme keeps the parental strands (template) apart

Answer 26

Single-strand Binding Proteins (SSB)

Question 27

what enzyme synthesizes an RNA primer?

Answer 27

primase

Question 28

serves as the starting point for DNA replication since DNA polymerase requires it

Answer 28

RNA Primer

Question 29

what enzyme synthesizes a daughter strand of DNA

Answer 29

DNA Polymerase III

Question 30

Excises the RNA primers and fills in with DNA

Answer 30

DNA Polymerase I

Question 31

Covalently links together the (Okazaki) DNA fragments

Answer 31

DNA Ligase

Question 32

in what specific region does the removal of the incorrect nucleotide occur

Answer 32

3' exonuclease site

Question 33

proofread in DNA replication is the...

Answer 33

removal of incorrect nucleotides immediately

Question 34

synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction toward the replication fork

Answer 34

leading strand

Question 35

synthesized semi discontinuously in the 5'-3' direction away from the replication fork

Answer 35

lagging strand

Question 36

enzyme function: synthesis, proofreading, and repair of lagging strand; replaces the RNA primers

Answer 36

DNA polymerase I

Question 37

in eukaryotes, RNA primers are removed by

Answer 37

RNase H

Question 38

DNA Polymerase I - removes the primer and synthesize new DNA in...

Answer 38

prokaryotes

Question 39

III is the main polymerizing enzyme in...

Answer 39

prokaryotes

Question 40

what is the main polymerizing enzyme in eukaryotes

Answer 40

sigma factor

Question 41

T/F: polymerase are exonucleases in prokaryotes

Answer 41

T

Question 42

T/F: eukaryotes has several origins of replication

Answer 42

T

Question 43

how long are the okazaki fragments in prokaryotes?

Answer 43

1000 - 2000 residues long

Question 44

histones complexed to DNA in...

Answer 44

eukaryotes

Question 45

T/F: both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have helicase as its unwinding enzyme

Answer 45

T

Question 46

what is RNA transcription about?

Answer 46

a DNA information is copied into a strand of RNA

Question 47

The single template strand from DNA will be copied by the enzyme

Answer 47

RNA polymerase

Question 48

what direction is the synthesis in RNA transcription?

Answer 48

5' - 3'

Question 49

does RNA polymerase need a primer?

Answer 49

nde

Question 50

what type of template is used by RNA polymerase?

Answer 50

Template / Antisense / Non-coding

Question 51

help RNA Polymerase locate the promoter locus

Answer 51

sigma factor

Question 52

3 phases in transcription?

Answer 52

1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination

Question 53

this phase begins when RNA polymerase reads the DNA template

Answer 53

elongation

Question 54

The first base to be transcribed is the...

Answer 54

+ 1

Question 55

the side where bases have negative signs

Answer 55

upstream side

Question 56

the phase where it releases the newly formed RNA molecule

Answer 56

termination

Question 57

2 types of chain termination

Answer 57

1. intrinsic 2. rho (p) protein

Question 58

in termination, this unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble, releasing mRNA

Answer 58

rho (p) protein

Question 59

it stalls the RNA polymerase

Answer 59

hairpin loop

Question 60

The site where the RNA polymerase will bind after separating the template strands in RNA transcription

Answer 60

Promoter Sites

Question 61

the first base to be transcribed

Answer 61

Transcription Start Site (TSS)

Question 62

The promoter sites are usually found _____ to the 5' end

Answer 62

upstream

Question 63

The most commonly occurring bases/sequence in a particular region of all DNA tested

Answer 63

consensus sequence

Question 64

the promoters in prokaryotes

Answer 64

1. pribnow box 2. -35 region 3. core promoter 4. UP element

Question 65

the promoter sites in eukaryotes

Answer 65

1. TATA box 2. CAAT box 3. GC box

Question 66

consensus sequence of CAAT box

Answer 66

GGCCAATCT

Question 67

T/F: transcription in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes

Answer 67

T

Question 68

3 Primary RNA polymerases in Eu Transcription

Answer 68

RNA pol I, II, III

Question 69

where is the mature mRNA transported?

Answer 69

cytoplasm

Question 70

what do you call the primary transcript in eukaryotes?

Answer 70

hnRNA

Question 71

3 Post-Transcriptional Modifications

Answer 71

Cap Structure / Capping Poly-A tail RNA Splicing

Question 72

what is added in the pre-mRNA in capping?

Answer 72

7-methylguanosine

Question 73

introns are excised in...

Answer 73

splicing

Question 74

what does the joined exons assemble?

Answer 74

coding region

Question 75

are complexes of snRNA and protein

Answer 75

spliceosomes

Question 76

Formation of mature mRNA occurs inside the...

Answer 76

nucleus

Question 77

carries coded genetic information (genetic code) from DNA to ribosomes

Answer 77

mRNA

Question 78

has the cloverleaf structure

Answer 78

tRNA

Question 79

formed by 3 nucleotides at the base of the cloverleaf structure

Answer 79

anticodon

Question 80

a type of RNA found in ribosomes

Answer 80

ribosomal RNA

Question 81

Complete eukaryotic cell has

Answer 81

85S ribosome

Question 82

Complete prokaryotic ribosome has...

Answer 82

70S