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biochemistry > lec 3: genetic management pt. 1 > Flashcards

lec 3: genetic management pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

it postulates that DNA holds the blueprint for crafting the diverse array of proteins vital to our biological processes.

A

central dogma

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2
Q

the conversion of DNA instructions into tangible functional products

A

gene expression

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3
Q

who postulated the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Francis Crick

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4
Q

what do you call the sequence of bases on one automatically determines the sequence of bases on the other

A

complementary strands

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5
Q

The helix completes one turn every…

A

10 base pairs

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6
Q

Reverse transcription is evident in…

A

retroviruses like HIV and COVID-19

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7
Q

The pathway through which RNA’s genetic code is ingeniously woven into the fabric of new DNA

A

Reverse Transcription

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8
Q

the process where DNA is replicated before a cell divides so that each daughter cells inherit a copy of each gene.

A

DNA Replication

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9
Q

where does DNA replication occur

A

S Phase of the cell cycle

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10
Q

T/F: DNA replication is not semiconservative

A

F - it is a semiconservative replication

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11
Q

the point at which DNA double helix starts to unwind

A

Origin of Replication (Replication Origin)

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12
Q

the Origin of Replication occurs…

A

bidirectionally

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13
Q

The point where the new deoxyribonucleotide is added to the growing daughter strand

A

Replication Fork

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14
Q

how many replication forks move in the opposite direction?

A

2

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15
Q

what happens to the DNA in the presence of replication fork?

A

it opens to allow binding of various proteins and enzymes for DNA replication

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16
Q

first step of DNA replication

A

unwinding the helix

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17
Q

2nd step of DNA replication

A

SSB Protein bind to the separated strands

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18
Q

3rd step of DNA replication

A

Primase Reaction

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19
Q

4th step of DNA replication

A

Start of DNA synthesis

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20
Q

5th step of DNA replication

A

Removal of RNA primers on lagging strands

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21
Q

6th step of DNA replication

A

Proofread

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22
Q

final step of DNA replication

A

Seals the nick

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23
Q

what does the unwinding of DNA causes?

A

supercoiling

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24
Q

supercoiling is relieve by the enzyme…

A

topoisomerase

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25
Q

what enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds during the 1st step of replication

A

helicase

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26
Q

this enzyme keeps the parental strands (template) apart

A

Single-strand Binding Proteins (SSB)

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27
Q

what enzyme synthesizes an RNA primer?

A

primase

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28
Q

serves as the starting point for DNA replication since DNA polymerase requires it

A

RNA Primer

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29
Q

what enzyme synthesizes a daughter strand of DNA

A

DNA Polymerase III

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30
Q

Excises the RNA primers and fills in with DNA

A

DNA Polymerase I

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31
Q

Covalently links together the (Okazaki) DNA fragments

A

DNA Ligase

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32
Q

in what specific region does the removal of the incorrect nucleotide occur

A

3’ exonuclease site

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33
Q

proofread in DNA replication is the…

A

removal of incorrect nucleotides immediately

34
Q

synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction toward the replication fork

A

leading strand

35
Q

synthesized semi discontinuously in the 5’-3’ direction away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

36
Q

enzyme function: synthesis, proofreading, and repair of lagging strand; replaces the RNA primers

A

DNA polymerase I

37
Q

in eukaryotes, RNA primers are removed by

38
Q

DNA Polymerase I - removes the primer and synthesize new DNA in…

A

prokaryotes

39
Q

III is the main polymerizing enzyme in…

A

prokaryotes

40
Q

what is the main polymerizing enzyme in eukaryotes

A

sigma factor

41
Q

T/F: polymerase are exonucleases in prokaryotes

42
Q

T/F: eukaryotes has several origins of replication

43
Q

how long are the okazaki fragments in prokaryotes?

A

1000 - 2000 residues long

44
Q

histones complexed to DNA in…

A

eukaryotes

45
Q

T/F: both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have helicase as its unwinding enzyme

46
Q

what is RNA transcription about?

A

a DNA information is copied into a strand of RNA

47
Q

The single template strand from DNA will be copied by the enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

48
Q

what direction is the synthesis in RNA transcription?

A

5’ - 3’

49
Q

does RNA polymerase need a primer?

50
Q

what type of template is used by RNA polymerase?

A

Template / Antisense / Non-coding

51
Q

help RNA Polymerase locate the promoter locus

A

sigma factor

52
Q

3 phases in transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
53
Q

this phase begins when RNA polymerase reads the DNA template

A

elongation

54
Q

The first base to be transcribed is the…

55
Q

the side where bases have negative signs

A

upstream side

56
Q

the phase where it releases the newly formed RNA molecule

A

termination

57
Q

2 types of chain termination

A
  1. intrinsic
  2. rho (p) protein
58
Q

in termination, this unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble, releasing mRNA

A

rho (p) protein

59
Q

it stalls the RNA polymerase

A

hairpin loop

60
Q

The site where the RNA polymerase will bind after separating the template strands in RNA transcription

A

Promoter Sites

61
Q

the first base to be transcribed

A

Transcription Start Site (TSS)

62
Q

The promoter sites are usually found _____ to the 5’ end

63
Q

The most commonly occurring bases/sequence in a particular region of all DNA tested

A

consensus sequence

64
Q

the promoters in prokaryotes

A
  1. pribnow box
  2. -35 region
  3. core promoter
  4. UP element
65
Q

the promoter sites in eukaryotes

A
  1. TATA box
  2. CAAT box
  3. GC box
66
Q

consensus sequence of CAAT box

67
Q

T/F: transcription in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes

68
Q

3 Primary RNA polymerases in Eu Transcription

A

RNA pol I, II, III

69
Q

where is the mature mRNA transported?

70
Q

what do you call the primary transcript in eukaryotes?

71
Q

3 Post-Transcriptional Modifications

A

Cap Structure / Capping

Poly-A tail

RNA Splicing

72
Q

what is added in the pre-mRNA in capping?

A

7-methylguanosine

73
Q

introns are excised in…

74
Q

what does the joined exons assemble?

A

coding region

75
Q

are complexes of snRNA and protein

A

spliceosomes

76
Q

Formation of mature mRNA occurs inside the…

77
Q

carries coded genetic information (genetic code) from DNA to ribosomes

78
Q

has the cloverleaf structure

79
Q

formed by 3 nucleotides at the base of the cloverleaf structure

80
Q

a type of RNA found in ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA

81
Q

Complete eukaryotic cell has

A

85S ribosome

82
Q

Complete prokaryotic ribosome has…

biochemistry (12 decks)

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