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Lec 4 Flashcards

1
Q

which type of curve is easier to get significance but can’t be generalized?

A

leptokurtic

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2
Q

which curve is harder to get significance but more variable –> generalizable?

A

platykurtic

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3
Q

in symmetrical distribution, what is equal to each other?

A

mean and median

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4
Q

which values measures central tendency?

A

mean
median
mode

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5
Q

where is the mode located in a skewed distribution?

A

peak of one side

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6
Q

where is the median located in a skewed distribution?

A

between the mean and mode

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7
Q

where is the mean located in a skewed distribution?

A

displaced toward the tail on the other side

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8
Q

____% of scores will be within 1 +/- std

A

70%

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9
Q

____% of scores will be within 2 +/- std

A

95%

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10
Q

____% of scores will be within 3 +/- std

A

99%

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11
Q

what symbol indicates a population mean?

A

μ

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12
Q

what symbol indicates a sample mean?

A

x̄

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13
Q

T/F: the shape of the distribution changes when means are changed to z scores

A

F

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14
Q

what is the equation for finding a variable using z score?

A

X = μ + z(σ)

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15
Q

according to the central limit theorem, how many participants are needed to have a normal distribution?

A

30

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16
Q

which sample mean is most likely closer to the population mean?

A

the one with a smaller standard error of the mean (SEM)

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17
Q

how do you check if there truly is a difference with t-test output?

A

look to see if the upper and lower 95% CI of the difference crosses 0
(does not = significant)

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18
Q

a descriptive value for a population is a

A

parameter

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19
Q

a descriptive value for a sample is a

A

statistic

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20
Q

what is the symbol for population std?

A

σ

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21
Q

what is the symbol for sample std?

A

s

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22
Q

what is the symbol for population variance?

A

σ^2

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23
Q

what is the symbol for sample variance?

A

s^2

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24
Q

what is the purpose of descriptive stats?

A

to organize the data

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25
what factors produce a smooth curve?
scores in the population are measured on an interval or ratio scale N is large
26
where does the tail point for a negative skew?
points towards lower values
27
what does kurtosis measure?
the peakedness of the distribution
28
what is the mode?
the most frequently occurring category or score in the distribution
29
what is the median?
midpoint on the list when scores are listed in order
30
what type of data is the mode appropriate for?
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
31
what is an advantage of using the median?
it's relatively unaffected by extreme score
32
which central tendency value is used in non-parametric stats?
median
33
what data is the median appropriate for?
ordinal, nominal, interval, ratio
34
what data is the mean appropriate for?
interval and ratio
35
when should the mean not be reported?
- when a distribution contains a few extreme scores - data from nominal scale
36
which descriptive stat measures the degree to which the scores are spread or clustered?
variability
37
in inferential stats, what does variability measure?
how accurately any individual score or sample represents the entire population
38
_____ variability produces a better representation of the population
less
39
what descriptive stat measures the total distance covered by the distribution from the highest to the lowest score?
range
40
what descriptive stat measures the standard (average) distance between the score and the mean?
standard deviation
41
T/F: std is the square root of the variance
T
42
std formula
sample: √(∑(x−¯x)^2 /(n-1) population: √(∑(x−¯x)^2 /N
43
how is a z score determined?
number of stds between X and the mean distribution
44
z score formula
z = (x-μ)/σ
45
T/F: z score can used as descriptive and inferential stats
T
46
what are inferential stats?
methods for using sample data to make general conclusions about population in terms of PROBABILITY
47
when graphed, probability can be defined as
the proportional area under the curve
48
what is the ideal z-score for a two-tail test?
1.96
49
you must know the ____ std to use a z-distribution
population
50
it is harder to get in the tail with a _____ sample
smaller
51
the central limit theorem states that as a sample size ____ and the std ____ the data approaches normality
increases decreases
52
if comparing 2 groups or 2 time periods, run a(n) ___ test
t-test
53
if comparing MORE THAN 2 groups or 2 time periods, run a(n) ___ test
ANOVA
54
if comparing the proportions of people in different groups, use the ____ distribution
Chi-sqaure
55
the degrees of freedom of the Chi-square distribution ____ as the curves moves towards the positive
increases
56
the SEM is always _____ than the std
smaller
57
what is the standard error of the mean (STEM)?
describes the difference between the sample mean and the true population mean
58
SEM equation
SEM = s/√n
59
as the sample size (n) increases, the SEM
decreases
60
the smaller the SEM ....
the less sampling error
61
what is a point estimate?
the sample mean pertains to 1 data point used to estimate the population mean
62
what is an interval estimate?
a span of number values that incorporates the mean aka confidence interval
63
what does the confidence interval mean?
the actual population mean is most likely somewhere in that range; probability that the true mean has been reported
64
what is the standard CI?
95%
65
what value is in the middle of boxplots?
median between the upper (25%) & lower (75%) quartiles
66
what do the whiskers show in a boxplot?
the range of scores
67
when the score categories are measurements from nominal or ordinal data, ______ graphs should be used
bar
68
how are bar graphs different than histograms?
bar graphs have a space between the adjacent bars
69
what is an error bar?
sticks out from the mean bar to display the precision of the mean by the CI, std, or SEM
70
group scatter plots are usually used for
regression analysis
71
what is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal data?
I/R has an equal distance between categories
72
what does a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve plot?
sensitivity vs. false positives

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