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Lec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is power?

A

the likelihood of saying there is a significant difference IF there is one to be found

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2
Q

how would the power increase?

A

increase participants
decrease variability
increase alpha
increase change in mean

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3
Q

the power should never be set below ___

A

0.8

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4
Q

where would a consort diagram be located?

A

procedures

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5
Q

what is intention to treat?

A

participants that dropped out of the study were left in the data analysis

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6
Q

t-tests should only be used when there is ____ conditions

A

2

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7
Q

why is it important to compare the randomized groups at baseline?

A

to ensure randomization worked
if not –> use covariant

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8
Q

comparing change scores can lead to what type of validity issue?

A

regression to the mean (internal validity)

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9
Q

which research design has participants that are randomly assigned to at least 2 comparison groups?

A

experimental

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10
Q

which research design has non-random assignments and typically involve cohort groups?

A

quasi-experimental

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11
Q

what is key for true experimental design?

A

randomization

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12
Q

which type of research design consists of one group over 2+ times where the intervention can be given at any point or over a few time periods?

A

one-way repeated measures

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13
Q

which type of research design has 2 or more groups that are randomized and the participants are only assessed after intervention?

A

posttest-only randomized group

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14
Q

which type of research design has 2 or more groups that are NOT randomized (cohort groups) and the participants are only assessed after intervention?

A

posttest-only non-randomized group

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15
Q

which type of research design consists of 2+ IVs, with or without randomized groups, and participants stayed with initially assigned interventions?

A

factorial fully independent

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16
Q

which type of research design consists of 2+ IVs, with randomized groups, and participants participate in every possible intervention?

A

factorial fully repeated

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17
Q

which research design is most common in PT?

A

factorial mixed

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18
Q

which research design consists of 2+ IVs, with or without randomized groups, and the groups move through the repeated conditions?

A

factorial mixed

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19
Q

name research design:
2 groups receive intervention
1 group receives placebo

A

factorial mixed

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20
Q

which research design has two or more treatments that are provided to subjects at different time periods, and the sequence of treatments is randomized for each subject? i.e., switch or add intervention at some point

A

crossover with or without randomization

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21
Q

which research design consists of 1 or a few participants and is usually more DV testing?

A

single subject designs

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22
Q

what is a methodological study?

A

any research study that investigates the reliability and/or validity of clinical and research measures

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23
Q

what provides the foundation for evaluating tests, their uses, and interpretations (reliability and validity)?

A

measurement theory (psychometrics)

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24
Q

what are operation definitions and their importance?

A

variable that are specifically defined
must be included in a manuscript

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25
what is the amount of change in an a instrument that is beyond error?
minimally detectable change (MCD)
26
what is the amount of change in an instrument that results in a clinically relevant change in the patient?
minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
27
where can you find MCD and MCID for a specific outcome measure?
rehabemeasures.org
28
which should come first: reliability or validity?
reliability (must have in order to have validity)
29
reliability is synonymous to
consistency
30
validity is synonymous to
accuracy
31
what is the degree of association or covariation between two variables?
reliability
32
what is the degree of correspondence between the concept being measured and the variable used to represent the concept?
validity
33
an instrument is ____ when the test actually measures what it claims to
valid
34
T/F: an instrument can be reliable without being valid
T
35
T/F: an instrument can be valid without being reliable
F
36
type of reliability: different graders get same score
inter-tester
37
type of reliability: same grader get same score each time
intra-tester
38
test-retest reliability depends on the consistency of the ____ and _____.
instrument and patient
39
what is parallel (equivalent) forms reliability?
questions are divided into 2 equivalent sets and the sets are given to the same sample of people
40
what is split-half reliability?
questions are split into two sets and both sets are given to one group
41
type of validity: instrument measures what it is supposed to measured based on simple observation
face validity
42
type of validity: systematic examination of an instrument to determine whether it covers the entire domain to be measured
content validity
43
type of validity: the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with outcomes on a gold standard
criterion-based validity
44
type of validity: the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with the outcomes on another test
concurrent validity
45
type of validity: instrument can be used to predict some future performance/outcome
predictive validity
46
type of validity: the degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by an instrument
construct
47
factor analysis is an example of which type of validity?
construct (ex: domains on survey match)
48
increasing the items on a survey _____ the responsiveness
increases
49
type of validity: the extent to which significant changes in the participants are reflected in substantive changes in observed values
responsiveness to change
50
do you want a test to be highly sensitive or specific?
sensitive
51
if a person has a disease, ____ tells how often the test will be positive
sensitivity
52
sensitivity has a true ____ rate
positive
53
specificity has a true ___ rate
negative
54
specificity rules ____ and sensitivity rules ____
spIN snOUT
55
if a person does not have a disease, ____ tells how often the test will be negative
specificity
56
what do predictive values mean?
probability that a positive test truly has the condition (+PV) or vice versa (-PV)
57
positive predictive value ____ as the prevalence of a disease in a population increases
increases
58
negative predictive value increases as the prevalence of a disease in a population ____
decreases
59
what is one the hallmarks of clinical decision making?
likelihood ratios
60
the _____ (high/low) the better for positive likelihood ratio
higher
61
the _____ (high/low) the better for negative likelihood ratio
lower
62
what is the best quality of +LR?
10 (6-10)
63
what is an OK quality of +LR?
5 (3-5)
64
what is a poor quality of +LR?
2 (1.1-2)
65
what is a useless quality of +LR?
1.0
66
what is the best quality of -LR?
0.1
67
what is an OK quality of -LR?
0.2
68
what is a poor quality of -LR?
0.5 (0.25-0.5)
69
what is a useless quality of +LR?
1.0 (0.6-1.0)
70
+LR of 2 increases probability by
15%
71
+LR of 5 increases probability by
30%
72
+LR of 10 increases probability by
45%
73
-LR of 0.5 increases probability by
15%
74
-LR of 0.2 increases probability by
30%
75
-LR of 0.1 increases probability by
45%
76
what is a nomogram?
a chart that can convert likelihood ratios to probability using disease prevalence
77
what is plotted on the vertical axis of a ROC curve?
sensitivity
78
what is plotted on the horizontal axis of a ROC curve?
(1-specificity)
79
a(n) _____ (increased/decreased) area under a ROC curve indicates high specificity and sensitivity
increased

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