Lec 4 Flashcards by Jasmine Marta

Water: 80 % of wet weight
Dry weight
– Protein ____%
– Nucleic acid ____%
– Lipid____ %
– Also monomers, intermediates and inorganic ions

40-70
13-34
9-15

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________
* Cells make proteins, nucleic acids and lipids
– macromolecules, metabolism
– C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Mg, Fe
– Sources
* Organic compounds
* Inorganic salts

Macronutrients

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_______
* Elements needed in trace quantities
– Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, V
– Enzymes
– tap water

Micronutrients

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What element?

Autoinducer for quorum sensing in bacteria; also found in some polyketide antibiotics

Boron (B)

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What element?

Possible but not proven component for glucose metabolism (necessary in mammals)

Chromium (Cr)

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What element?

Vitamin B12 transcarboxylase (only in propionic acid bacteria)

Cobalt (Co)

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What element?

In respiration, cytochrome c oxidase; in photosynthesis, plastocyanin, some superoxide dismutases

Copper (Cu)

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What element?

Cytochromes: catalases; peroxidases; iron-sulfur proteins; oxygenases; all nitrogenases

Iron (Fe)^b

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What element?

Activator of many enzymes; component of certain superoxide dismutases and of the water-splitting enzyme in oxygenic phototrophs (photosystem I)

Manganese (Mn)

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What element?

Certain flavin-containing enzymes; some nitrogenases, nitrate reductases, sulfite oxidases, DMSO-TMAO reductases; some formate dehydrogenases

Molybdenum (Mo)

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What element?

Most hydrogenases, coenzyme F430 of methanogens: carbon monoxide dehydrogenase; urease

Nickel (Ni)

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What element?

Formate dehydrogenase; some hydrogenases; the amino acid selenocysteine

Selenium (Se)

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What element?

Some formare dehydrogenases: cxotransferases of hyperthermophiles

Tungsten (W)

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What element?

Vanadium nitrogenase, bromoperoxidase

Vanadium (V)

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What element?
Carbonic anhydrase alcohol dehydrogenase RNA and DNA polymerases, and many DNA-binding proteins

Zinc (Zn)

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What major nutritional type?
Light energy
Inorganic hydrogen/electron
donor
CO2 carbon source
Algae
Purple and green sulfur
bacteria
Blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria)

PHOTOLITHOTROPHIC
AUTOTROPHY

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What major nutritional type?

Light energy
Organic hydrogen/electron donor
Organic carbon source (CO2 may
also be used)

Purple non-sulfur bacteria
Green non-sulfur bacteria

PHOTOORGANOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHY

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What major nutritional type?

Chemical energy source
(inorganic)
Inorganic hydrogen/electron
donor
CO2
carbon source

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
Hydrogen bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
Iron bacteria

CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC
AUTOTROPHY

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What major nutritional type?

Chemical energy source (organic)
Organic hydrogen/electron donor
Organic carbon source

Protozoa
Fungi
Most non-photosynthetic
bacteria

CHEMOORGANOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHY

_____is the process in which
molecules move from a region of higher
concentration to one of lower concentration as a result of random thermal agitation. A few substances, such as glycerol, can cross the plasma membrane by this diffusion.

Passive diffusion

The rate of diffusion across selectively permeable membranes is
greatly increased by the use of carrier proteins, sometimes called
_______, which are embedded in the plasma membrane. Since
the diffusion process is aided by a carrier, it is called _______.

permeases
facilitated
diffusion

_____ is the transport of solute
molecules to higher concentrations, or against a
concentration gradient, with the use of metabolic
energy input.

Active transport

The best-known group translocation system is the
_______, which transports a variety of sugars
into prokaryotic cells while Simultaneously
phosphorylating them using phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP) as the phosphate donor.

phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase
system (PTS)

_______ exist for the
uptake of organic compounds (sugars
and amino acids, inorganic nutrients
such as sulfate and phosphate, and
trace metals)

ABC transporters

“ABC” stands for ____

ATP-binding cassette

Proteins involved in ABC transporter: 1. __________ -high affinity to substrate even at low concentration (less than 1 micromolar) 2. ___________ -forms the transport channel 3. _________ -supply energy

Periplasmic binding protein Membrane spanning transporter ATP hydrolyzing protein

Major classes of media * ________ – precise amounts of highly purified inorganic or organic chemicals – exact composition (in both a qualitative and quantitative sense) is known

Defined

Major classes of media * ______ – employ digests of microbial, animal or plant products, such as casein (milk protein), beef (beef extract), soybeans (tryptic soy broth), yeast cells (yeast extract), or any of a number of other highly nutritious yet impure substances

Complex

____ is the total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell.

Metabolism

in _________, nutrients from the environment or those generated from catabolic reactions are converted to cell components,

anabolism

in ______, energy sources from the environment are converted to waste products

catabolism

* __________ – Lowers activation energy of a reaction * _________are generally much larger than the substrate(s) * ________ - the portion of the enzyme to which substrate binds

Biological catalyst enzymes active site

A Glycolysis process known as ________

(Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway)

Determine which stage of EMP pathway: - these are not redox reactions and do not release energy -lead to the production of a key intermediate of the pathway.

Stage I: “preparatory” reactions

Determine which stage of EMP pathway: -redox reactions -energy is conserved in the form of ATP, and two molecules of pyruvate are formed. -redox balance has not yet been achieved.

Stage II: Production of NADH, ATP, and Pyruvate

Determine which stage of EMP pathway: -redox reactions occur once again -fermentation products are formed

Stage III: Consumption of NADH and Production of Fermentation Products

______ are composed of membrane associated electron carriers . These systems have two basic functions: (1) to accept electrons from an electron donor and transfer them to an electron acceptor (2) to conserve some of the energy released during electron transfer for synthesis of ATP.

Electron transport systems

4 Types of oxidation-reduction enzymes involved in electron transport

(1) NADH dehydrogenases (2) Riboflavin-containing electron carriers, generally called flavoproteins (3) iron-sulfur proteins (4) Cytochromes

cell yield is ______ proportional to the amount of ATP produced

directly

What component of ATPase is it referring to? – carries out the chemical functions – α3β 3γδε (composition)

– F1 complex

What component of ATPase is it referring to? – ion translocating functions – a,b2,c12 (composition)

– F0 complex

* _______ – Reaction shut off because of an excess of the end product

Feedback inhibition

allosteric enzymes has two binding sites, the ____site (where substrate binds) and the _____site, where the end product of the pathway binds

active ; allosteric

: Driven by the energy in the proton motive force

Simple transport

: Chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

Group translocation

: Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

ABC transporter