Lec 1

Question 1

______ are minute living things
that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye

Answer 1

Microbes, or microorganisms

Question 2

________

• Simple unicellular organisms
• Prokaryotes
• Exhibits major forms (coccus, bacillus, spirals, etc)
• Motile or non-motile
• Free-living, parasitic, saprobe or photosynthetic
• Reproduce mainly by binary fission
• Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

Answer 2

Bacteria

Question 3

________

• Prokaryotes
• Lacks peptidoglycan cell wall
• Found in extreme environments

Answer 3

Archaeabacteria

Question 4

3 main groups of Archaeabacteria:
–

Answer 4

• Methanogens
  – Extreme halophiles
  – Extreme thermophiles

Question 5

Microscopic ____

• Eukaryotes
• Unicellular (e.g. yeasts) or Multicellular (molds)
• Forms visible masses called ______(mass of hyphae)
• Cell wall of chitin (molds)
• Reproduces sexually or asexually

Answer 5

Fungi
mycelia

Question 6

______
* Unicellular eukaryotes
* Motility: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia
* Comes in various forms and shapes
* Free-living or parasitic

Answer 6

Protozoan

Question 7

______

• Photosynthetic eukaryote
• Form: unicellular, multicellular or
  colonial (cellular to filamentous)
• Reproduction: sexual or asexual
• Important producers in aquatic
  and freshwater ecosystems
• Microscopic and macroscopic
  forms exists
• Cell walls of most representative
  compose of cellulose

Answer 7

Algae

Question 8

_____
* Acellular forms
* Minute organisms, filterable
* Visible with electron
microscope
* Contains either RNA or
DNA enclosed by a protein
coat and sometimes an
additional lipid envelope
* Reproduces only on a living
host (obligate parasites)
* Can infect bacteria, plants,
animals and humans

Answer 8

Virus

Question 9

_______
* Infectious plant RNA
* Short strand of RNA with
300-400 nucleotides
without protein coat
* RNA is a closed, folded 3D
structure
* RNA does not code for any
protein
* Pathogenic to plants only
damaging crops (e.g.
potato = PSTV)
* Studies revealed
similarities to introns

Answer 9

Viroid

Question 10

________

• Proteinaceous, infectious particles
• Causative agent of spongiform
  encephalopathies
  – ______in sheep
  – Mad cow disease of ____
  – _____in man
• humans who ate undercooked infected
  meat caught disease

Answer 10

Prions
Scrapie
cattle
Kuru

Question 11

Due to the discovery of _________ from Egyptian mummies (3000 years old)….. microbes are already present even
before the science to study them

Answer 11

Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

Question 12

• Experiment on maggots and meat
• Maggots absent on covered jars

Answer 12

Francesco Redi (1668)

Question 13

• Experiment on chicken broth and corn broth
• Microorganisms on broth even after heating

Answer 13

John Needham (1745)

Question 14

• Ho: microbes entered heated broth after
• When heated with cover no microbes recovered

Answer 14

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

Question 15

• Importance of oxygen to life
• Since flask covered: microbes died

Answer 15

Laurent Lavoisier

Question 16

• Living cells can arise ONLY from pre-existing living
  cells

Answer 16

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

Question 17

• Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the
  air and can contaminate sterile solutions
  – AIR itself DOES NOT CREATE microbes
  – Pasteur Flask experiment
• Demonstrated that microbes can be present in non-
  living matter (including air)

Answer 17

Louis Pasteur (1861)

Question 18

Fermentation and Pasteurization
* ______caused the fermentation while ____
caused the souring
– bacteria in air converted alcohol into acetic acid
* ______= kill microbes (process)
– Milk and other alcoholic drinks

Answer 18

Yeast; bacteria
Pasteurization

Question 19

Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria
could be killed by heat that was not hot enough
to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application
of a high heat for a short time is called
___

Answer 19

pasteurization

Question 20

_____: “microorganisms
might cause disease”

Answer 20

Germ Theory of Disease

Question 21

1835: ____ showed a silkworm disease was
caused by a fungus.

Answer 21

Agostino Bassi

Question 22

*1865: ____believed that another silkworm disease was
caused by a protozoan.

Answer 22

Pasteur

Question 23

1840s: ____ advocated handwashing to
prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one
OB patient to another.

Answer 23

Ignaz Semmelwise

Question 24

1860s: ____ used a chemical disinfectant
to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at

Answer 24

Joseph Lister

Question 25

_____ provided
proof that a bacterium causes
anthrax and provided the
experimental steps, thus his
postulates, used to prove that
a specific microbe causes a
specific disease.

Answer 25

Robert Koch

Question 26

Solid media
* ______s the first to use solid media (gelatin)
* His associate, ____ first use agar
* Suggestion came for his wife, Fannie Hesse. She is using
agar for fruit jellies

Answer 26

Roberts Koch
Walter Hesse

Question 27

Robert Koch first use a flat plate in his solid culure media
* In 1887 ______published a modification of Koch’s
flat plate – A double-sided dishes that bear his name.

Answer 27

Richard Petri

Question 28

• First to experiment on immunity (smallpox)
• Vaccination: treatment or preventive procedure
  developed

Answer 28

Edward Jenner (1796)

Question 29

• Discovered why vaccination works (cholera)
• Lost the ability to cause disease (avirulent);
  later used as vaccines

Answer 29

Pasteur (1880)

Question 30

– Chemotherapeutic agent/chemicals produced by living
organisms

Answer 30

Antibiotics

Question 31

• Continuous observation and description of
  viruses in detail by using EM and other
  laboratory techniques

Answer 31

Virology

Question 32

• Genetic engineering for manufacture of
  hormones and other useful substances

Answer 32

Recombinant DNA Technology