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MCB > Lec 2 > Flashcards

Lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Eon where the first cellular life belongs and formation of crust and oceans/ earth

A

Hadean

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2
Q

Eon where purple and green bacteria belongs

A

Archaean

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3
Q

What does LUCA stands for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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4
Q

– The first cells arose out or primodial soup (“On the origin of species” Darwin)
– Temperature fluctuations, meteor impacts, dust clouds, intense UV radiation make a surface origin for life unlikely.

A

Surface origin hypothesis

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5
Q

– Life originated at hydrothermal springs on he ocean floor.
– More stable than surface

A
  • Subsurface origin hypothesis
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6
Q

What are the five kingdoms according to the Whitaker scheme?

A

– Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera

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7
Q

This kingdom is comprised of prokaryotes

A

Monera

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8
Q

Goal: ________
* In order to understand relatedness, organisms must be viewed at the ____ level

A

Evolutionary classification
DNA

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9
Q

*
– Ribosomal RNA genes cannot afford to mutate much

A

Carl Woese and 16S rRNA

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10
Q

he began using molecular sequences of rna to study the evolutionary history of life on earth

A

Carl woese (1969)

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11
Q

All _______ are not phylogenetically closely related
______ are actually more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria
The ______ shows that LUCA resides very early within the Bacteria domain

A

prokaryotes
Archaea
universal tree of life

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12
Q

– groups organisms based on mutual similarity of phenotypic characteristics
– may or may not correctly match evolutionary grouping
– Example: Group flagellated (motile) organisms in one group, non-motile organisms in another group

A
  • Phenetic system
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13
Q

– groups organisms based on shared evolutionary heritage
* But evolutionarily they are similar

A
  • Phylogenetic system
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14
Q
  • For example: Use a variety of characteristics: e.g., Gram stain, cell shape, motility, size, aerobic/ anaerobic capacity, nutritional capabilities, cell wall chemistry, immunological characteristics, etc. – Relies on similarity coefficients and then match organisms
  • Ex. A and B share 8 characters out of 10: similarity coefficient Sab is 8/10 = 0.8
  • Can use many such values to establish similarity matrix
  • _______ help display this information clearly
A

Numerical Taxonomy
Dendrograms

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15
Q

Basic assumptions:
-Genes mutate randomly
Many mutations are “neutral” – do not lead to any obvious disadvantage to the strain
Once a mutation is established, all progeny of parent cell carry that particular mutation

A

Molecular taxonomy

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16
Q

– descended from a single organism – different isolates may be same species but are different strains; often have slight differences

A
  • strain:
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17
Q

– the first strain isolated or best characterized
– often more fully characterized than others
– standard by which other strains thought to be the same can be compared
– only those strains very similar to the type of strain are included within species

A
  • type strain:
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18
Q

variants that are characterized by biochemical or physiological differences

A

BIOVARS

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19
Q

variants that differ morphologically

A

MORPHOVARS

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20
Q

variants that have distinct antigenic properties

A

SEROVARS

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21
Q

used to identify genera of enteric bacteria

A

Metabolic / Physiologic characteristics

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22
Q

Universal Criteria for Naming and Classification (bacteria) Clue: 6 items

A

-Morphological / Cultural Characteristics
-Chemical Composition
-Metabolic Characteristics
-Genetic Characteristics
-Serology / Antigenic / Immunological characteristics
-Ecological Characteristics

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23
Q

genetic system studied at the molecular level
likeness or homology bet DNA of cells

A

Genetic Characteristics

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24
Q

Homology studies can be determined by ____
Clue: 5 items

A

-DNA Base composition
-DNA hybridization
-DNA fingerprinting
-rRNA sequencing
- PCR

25
Q

PCR stands for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

26
Q

constant characteristics of a particular species

-expressed as the mole % of guanine and cytosine (G+C) pf the moles of the total base

A

DNA Base Composition

27
Q

-measures the ability of DNA strands to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism
-the greater the degree of hybridization, the greater the degree of relatedness

A

DNA Hybridization

28
Q

Complete hybridization=_____
Partial Hybridization=_____
______=organism unrelated

A

organism identical
organism related
No Hybridization

29
Q

-analysis of DNA using electrophoresis
-DNA is sequenced
-separate DNA component by electric current
-for detection of microbial pathogen

A

DNA Fingerprinting

30
Q

What type of characteristic?
* Slide Agglutination Test
–______ results when the bacteria are mixed with antibodies that were provided in response to the same strain
–positive test is indicated by the presence of agglutination

A

Serology / Antigenic Characteristics
agglutination

31
Q

______

most powerful, most direct

  • used in determining diversity and in phylogenetic relationships

similarities are detected using association coefficient represented by % similarity.

A

rRNA sequencing

32
Q

is used since most microorganisms don’t form fossils unlike eukaryotes

A

RNA

33
Q

What are the 3 fossilized microbes

A

✓ marine protist- England

✓ Stromatolites filamentous bacteria (1.5 B yrs. Ago)
✓ cyanobacteria- 3 to 3.5 B yrs. Ago; in Australia

34
Q

_______
to make multiple copies of DNA in a short period of time, especially if the DNA sample is only few

A

PCR

35
Q

-3 cycles of pcr??

A

(denaturation, annealing and extension)

36
Q

a problem where Unrelated bacteria develop similar physical and
biochemical traits

A

Convergent evolution

37
Q

precipitates of clay, metal sulfides, silica and carbonates

A

Mound

38
Q

Problem of bacterial taxonomy
– no sexual reproduction
– no interbreeding

A

concept of species

39
Q

Eukaryotes:
* mitochondria are nearly universal among eukaryotic cells – Some anaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms lack mitochondria
and instead contain _______
* ________are found only in phototrophic cells.

A

hydrogenosomes
chloroplasts

40
Q

– Unicellular eukaryotes with many different
characteristics. Also studied by
Parasitologists.
– Some cause human disease

A
  • Protists
41
Q

– Yeasts and molds, studied by Mycologists
– Several types can cause human disease

A
  • Fungi
42
Q

– Parasitic worms; studied by Parasitologists

A
  • Animals
43
Q
  • Most are
    unicellular.
  • Most are freeliving organisms
    that live in soil
    and water.
  • Ingest other
    organisms or
    organic material.
  • Do not have a cell
    wall.
A

Protozoa

44
Q

Protozoan Life Cycle

– _________
* Motile, feeding,
dividing stage.
– ______
* Dormant, survival
stage.

A

Trophozoite
Cyst

45
Q

Tsetse flies in the genus Glossina
transmit the protozoan pathogens that
cause ____________
(Trypanosoma gambiense and T.
rhodesiense).

A

African sleeping sickness

46
Q
  • Asexual reproduction of Protozoan:
    – ___________
  • produces 2 daughter cells.
    – ____________
  • Multiple nuclear divisions before cytoplasmic
    divisions.
  • Results in more than 2 daughter cells.
A

Binary fission
Schizogony

47
Q
  • Sexual reproduction in protozoan
    – ____________
  • 2 haploid gametes which fuse to form a diploid
    zygote.
A

Gametocyte production

48
Q
  • Major groups of Protozoan Based on method of locomotion
    – _______
  • Pseudopodia
    – ________
  • Possess
    flagella
    – ______
  • Possess cilia
A

Amoebae
Flagellates
Ciliates

49
Q

– Nonmotile protozoa Called
________

A

sporozoa

50
Q

Unicellular Algae
* _______
– Freshwater and
marine
environments.
– Cell walls contain
silicon dioxide
(glass).
– Used in filtration
systems,
insulation, and
abrasives (like
toothpaste).

A

Diatoms

51
Q

Unicellular Algae
* _______
* Usually
photosynthetic.
* Some produce
light and are often
called fire algae.
* Responsible for
“red tides” or
algal bloom

A

Dinoflagellates

52
Q

Unicellular Algae
* ________
– Group of green algae.
– Can photosynthesize.
– Ex. _____
* Has algal and
protozoan
characteristics.
* Has a primitive mouth.
* Does not have a cell
wall.
* Has an eyespot.
* Has flagellum.
– Ex. _______
* Filamentous algae.

A

Desmids
Euglena
Spirogyra

53
Q

Multicellular Algae
* ____________
– Usually found in
ocean water.
– Are a source of algin,
which is a thickener
in ice cream.
* ____________
– Found in deeper
ocean water than
brown algae.
– One type of red algae
(Gelidium) is the
source of agar.

A

Brown Algae
Red Algae

54
Q

__________
* Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes.
* Reproduce asexually and sexually.
* Lack chlorophyll.
* Have a cell wall made of chitin.
* Are _______
– “garbage disposers” of nature

A

Fungi
saprophytes

55
Q

_______
* 3-8 µm in diameter.
* Found in soil and water and on skin
of many fruits and vegetables.
* Reproduce by an asexual process
called budding.
* Results in the production of a type
of asexual spore called a
_______.
* Responsible for beer, wine,
leavened bread.
* Some species are human pathogens
(i.e. Candida albicans).

A

Unicellular Yeast
blastospore

56
Q

______
* Possess hyphae
– A ____is a tubelike cell.
* A mass of hyphae
forms a mycelium.
* _______
have cross walls or
septations.
* _________
coenocytic lack
cross walls or
septations.

A

Multicellular Fungi
hypha
Septate hyphae
Non-septate
hyphae/

57
Q

Fungi classification
* _______
– Zoospores
* Sexual spores
* flagellated

  • ________
    – Food spoilage
  • ________
    – Mycorrhizal fungi
A

Chytridiomecetes
Zygomecetes
Glomeromycetes

58
Q

Fungi classification

  • _________
    – Produce asci (ascus) cells
    – Ascospores (haploid);
    ascocarp (fruiting body)
  • ________
    – mushrooms
A

Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

MCB (6 decks)

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