Lec 3 Flashcards
what does a research study try to do
tries to answer a question
what is the one aim of a research study
to underpin the understanding of clinical research methods relevant to the practising optometrist (wants us to have that knowledge)
what is the aim of experiments in clinical research
proving or contradicting a hypothesis with data (to prove something is best clinical practice)
what are experiments in clinical research interested in
an outcome (dependent) which may be influenced by an attribute (independent)
what did john snow do a experiment in
the cholera epidemic in london - the link between cholera and drinking water
what year did john snow carry out his experiment
1854
what is an epidemiology
the study of causes and risk factors of a certain disease, or someone getting the disease
what does a epidemiology prove
if a certain treatment will work
what is the purpose of evidence based medicine
to apply the best available evidence gained from the scientific method to medical decision making
(about collecting information and data to support a hypothesis)
what does evidence based medicine (EBM) seek to assess
the quality of evidence of the risks and benefits of treatments (including lack of treatment)
which two bodies is EBM used by
NHS and NICE
what does NICE do
it publishes clinical appraisals of whether particular treatments should be considered ‘worthwhile’ by the NHS
it decides what search evidence to be used in the clinical domain and decides what healthcare service is affordable, so they decide on the costs and benefits of treatments
why is EBM important for optometrists too
as we are primary clinical care providers e.g. with the OCT, research study was done to decide if its a good tool to use e.g. in AMD etc
what two types of research is EBM found in
primary and secondary
where does primary research come from
the researchers themselves written in journal articles/research papers
what is a primary research an outcome of
a single study
how is a primary research publication determined
it is peer reviewed (two people decide if the research study should get published and the peers are anonymous)
give two examples of methods to conduct primary research
experimental studies (clinical trials) and observational studies
what is a secondary research
a research that summarises findings of multiple trials, experiments or surveys on the same topic
it looks at how other people try to answer the same question by looking at sources of primary research
which company publishes 5,000 medical articles per day
biomedical
how many articles does the medline publish per day
1,500
which company publishes 95 medical articles per day
trials
who is NHS evidence managed by
national institute for health and clinical excellence - NICE
what can vary between scientific and research papers
the quality of the scientific journals
what does ‘impact factor’ mean with scientific and research papers
how many people read the paper and if its sighted with any clinical meaning, the papers are ranked every year according to this
what is google scholar a good tool for
most recent research, which is important
what does the research articles in google scholar also show you
how much the paper has been sighted = the amount of people that contributed to the paper…the more the better
how is the type of primary research: observational study carried out
the investigator has no control over exposures to risk of treatments and instead observes what happens to groups of people
how is the type of primary research: experimental studies (clinical trials) carried out
conditions are under the direct control of the investigator
what are experimental studies on humans called
clinical trial
what is a clinical trial the best method for
to decide if a treatment is good enough to work
