Lec 2 Flashcards
What are the steps in the nitrogen cycle? (7)
-Nitrogen fixation
-Assimilation.
-Ammonification.
-Nitrification.
-Denitrification.
-Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.
-Anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
-Other processes
What does UN stand for?
United Nations - protects human rights
What does FAO stand for?
Food Agriculture Organization - decrease hunger and increase food security
What is UNICEF?
United Nations Children’s fund - Emergency relief and aid to children
What is WFO?
World Food Programme - world wide food assistance
What is OECD?
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - composed of 38 member countries - create economic and environmental change
What is an approximation of the world population?
8,000,000,000 - 8 billion
Is the world population trend rising or falling?
rising from 8 to 10 billion by 2057
What is pencks estimate on how many people we can feed?
P= (productive area X production per unit of area) / (average nutritional requirement per person) = 15.9 billion
Define food security
When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
What is the global number of food insecure people?
2 billion
What are the four pillars of food security?
- food availability
- food access
- food utilization
- food stability
What is the physical availability of food?
supply side of food security
- determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade
What is the economic and physical access to food?
adequate security of food at the national and international level does not itself guarantee household level food security
What is food utilization?
The way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food - nutritional status of individuals
What is the stability of the three dimensions of food over time?
- food insecurity counts if you have inadequate access to food periodically
- it risks deterioration of nutritional status
- other conditions may impact food security status (unemployment, economic, weather and political)
What is the food security objective?
to satisfy all four dimensions simultaneously
What is a very food insecure region in the world?
Africa
What is essential for long term food security?
Increased crop productivity
What is synonymous with chronic undernourishment?
Hunger
What is the stat of children (under 5) deaths from undernourishment each year?
1 in 5 mostly in Africa
What is the definition of nutrition?
An adequate, well balanced diet
What is the definition of famine?
scarcity of food
What is arable?
land that can grow crops -
What are factors that are decreasing arable land? (3)
- Erosion
- Urbanization
- desertification
What is increasing productivity of land?
Increased use of fertilizers and improved plant genetics
What is plant health?
- The state of being vigorous and free from disease
- the state and function and/or metabolic efficiency
- Healthy plants are vigorous and free of pests/pathogens
What are threats to plant health?
- bacteria
- protozoa
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
- chomaists
BUT ALSO - viruses
- vroids
- antibiotic disorders
How many plant diseases are there ?
100,000 +
How many species of diseases are there?
8,000 species of weeds
What are some threats to plant health? - diseases (5)
- Soft rot (bacteria)
- sudden oak death (protozoa)
- apple scar skin viroid
- Powdery mildew (fungus)
- algal leaf spot (algae)
What are some threats to plant health? - others (4)
- Beaver (mammal)
- scarlet beetle (insect)
- scots pine (Winter injury)
- giant ragweed (Plants)
