Lec. 19 Recap

Question 1

What is the ultimate origin of all our food?

Answer 1

Photosynthesis, the process by which plants and phytoplankton use sunlight to make sugars out of air and water!.

Question 2

What is the meaning of animals being heterotroph?

Answer 2

They have to eat food, unlike plants that are autotroph (synthesize sugars from air, water and sunlight).

Question 3

Which animal organs have very large surface areas?

Answer 3

Lungs and gut.

Question 4

Give two examples of foraging people still living as hunter-gatherer life style?

Answer 4

Hadza and Aka.

Question 5

How is the flexible dietary niche of baboons and macaques reflected in their conservation status.

Answer 5

Baboons of Africa and most macaques of Asia are much less endangered than other nonhuman primate species.

Question 6

Which were the two main waves of the genus Homo out of Africa?.

Answer 6

Homo erectus around 2 million years ago, Homo sapiens around 100 thousand years ago.

Question 7

What are the key differences between an Oldowan and an Acheulean stone
tool?.

Answer 7

Oldowan much simpler, produced with just a few hits, Acheulean, more complex and symmetrical, many hits.

Question 8

What kind of stone blade use would be very hard for a great ape, compared to a
human?

Answer 8

Forcefully holding a sharp stone blade between thumb and other fingers to cut

Question 9

When tracking tracks of an animal shot with a poison arrow, what is the first confirmation that hunters are tracking the right set of tracks?

Answer 9

Drops of blood from the animal’s wound.

Question 10

What fraction of the food produced around the world is due to industrially produced fertilizer?

Answer 10

Half or more.

Question 11

How can one cook liquid without a ceramic pot?

Answer 11

By heating stones and adding these to liquid in a calabash, animal skin or depression in a rock.

CALABASH

Question 12

What is the Maillard reaction?

Answer 12

the growing reaction between sugars and amino acids.

Question 13

List five of each, monocot and dicot crops:

Answer 13

Monocots:
onion,
corn,
coconut,
garlic,
turmeric;
Dicots: beans
spinach
cabbage,
passion fruit,
avocado

Question 14

What is the most fuel efficient way to cook bread?

Answer 14

Steaming

Question 15

What are the parallels between a tennis court and our guts?

Answer 15

similar surface areas.

Question 16

What does GALT stand for?

Answer 16

Gut associated Lymphoid Tissue (there immune tissue of our guts)

Question 17

What drives the synthesis of ATP inn our cells?

Answer 17

The oxidation of sugar or fats to CO2.

Question 18

How could the microbiome of a person influence their immune reaction after consuming an edible vaccine?

Answer 18

People with more diverse microbiota have better responsiveness of the gut-associated immune system

Question 19

Give four examples of external influences on our gut immunity?

Answer 19

Breast feeding, nutrition, history of infection, antibiotics treatments.

Question 20

What is the evidence for the origin of wheat and barley in the fertile crescent?

Answer 20

The distribution of their wild counterparts and archeological evidence for non-shattering years.

Question 21

Which were the first two mammal species to be domesticated?

Answer 21

Dogs and pigs

Question 22

Give three examples mod umami rich condiments:

Answer 22

Soy sauce, fish sauce, miso.

Question 23

What was the connection between cane sugar and the Atlantic slave trade?

Answer 23

The production of sugar cane required massive labor provided by enslaving people.

Question 24

What is the connection between the successful slave revolt in Haiti and the United States?

Answer 24

After losing, the French decided to sell their Louisiana Territories to the USA.

Question 25

Which three regions of the world are the major beef producers and exporters?

Answer 25

North America, South America and Australia