Lec. 18: Domain: Archaea and Bacteria

Question 1

What is the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology used for?

Answer 1

used to identify bacteria

Question 2

What are examples of the Eubacterial Deep Lineages VOL.1?

Answer 2

Aquifex - gram-,microaerophilic,hyperthermophilic,autotroph, earliest branch of bacterial tree

Deinococcus - appear gram + but are actually gram -, radiation-resistant and desiccation resistant due to hyper-fast repair of DNA.

Question 3

The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in ___________.

Answer 3

phylogenetic trees

Question 4

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 4

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Question 5

On the basis of tRNA sequencing, the archeobacteria are divided into what 3 multiple major groups (kingdoms?)?

Answer 5

Asgard group;
Euryarchaeota;
Crenarchaeota

Question 6

Describe the bacteria which branched off from the rest of the bacteria the earliest.

Answer 6

1- Have the ability to survive in harsh environments;

2- May be most similar to the earliest bacterial ancestors

Question 7

What are examples of Photosynthetic Bacteria VOL.1?

Answer 7

Chlorbi
Chlorflexi
Cyanobacteria

Question 8

What is the earliest form of photosynthesis that was found in several early lineages of bacteria?

Answer 8

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 9

Which form of photosynthesis evolved later in the Cyanobacteria?

Answer 9

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 10

What are examples of Anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 10

Green Sulfur (Chlorbi)- obligate anaerobic, photolitoautotrophs

Example genus: Chlorobium

Green Non-sulfur (Chlorflexi) -photoheterotrophs, don’t fix carbon, dark growth heterotrophs, filamentous, thermophilic, hot spring, a deepest known branch

Example genus: Chloroflexus

Question 11

What is oxygenic photosynthesis? Give a genus.

Answer 11

cyanobacteria - a largest diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria, precursors to chloroplasts, use chlorophyll A, photoautotrophs, filamentous, unicellular, colonial, many filamentous strains are ABLE TO FIX NITROGEN

Example genus: Anabaena

Question 12

Which type of bacteria is called the purple bacteria because of their purple photosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 12

Proteobacteria

Question 13

Describe Proteobacteria

Answer 13

Purple bacteria; gram-negative; largest and most diverse group in eubacteria

Question 14

In Proteobacteria, how many subgroups are based on 16S rRNA?

Answer 14

5

Question 15

In Proteobacteria, how are the subgroups designated?

Answer 15

Greek letters

Question 16

In Proteobacteria, purple photosynthetic bacteria are found in 3 of which 5 sub-groups?

Answer 16

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

Question 17

In Proteobacteria, the purple photosynthetic bacteria that are found in 3 of which 5 sub-groups suggests that proteobacteria arose from a ___________.

Answer 17

photosynthetic ancestor

Question 18

α-Proteobacteria

Answer 18

oligotrophic, known as the purple non-sulfur group, photo/chemo heterotrophs, non-motile and are obligate parasites

Example genus: Rickettsia; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Question 19

β-Proteobacteria

Answer 19

Non-motile amoeba gram negative cocci; live in the mucus membrane of animals;
diverse anaerobic

Example genus: Neisseria; gonorrhea

Question 20

γ(gamma)-Proteobacteria

Answer 20

Aerobes and anaerobes, the largest group, aquatic, marine, bio-luminescent; Genera:

Pseudomonas: they use Entner-Doudoroff instead of glycolysis; animal and plant pathogens, greenish color

Vibrio: comma shape, oxidase positive, metabolism via biolumniescence, using enzyme luciferase

Escherichia: Enterobacteria

Question 21

δ (delta)-Proteobacteria

Answer 21

Myxococcus:

Gram-negative, gliding motility,
fruiting bodies that also produce endospores

Additional genus: Vdellovibrio–Parasitic Gram - bacteria that live as parasites in the periplasmic space of other Gram- bacteria

Question 22

ε-Proteobacteria

Answer 22

Genus: Helicobacter

Lives in the stomach with a low pH

Question 23

In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), what type of bacteria is included? Give examples of bacteria that are included?

Answer 23

Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C content,
includes aerobic, anaerobic, facultative
anaerobes and microaerophiles

Genus: Bacillus

Question 24

In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), variations in ________ structure are useful for identifying _____ groups.

Answer 24

peptidoglycan; specific

Question 25

In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), does this include endospore-forming bacteria?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), many pathogens are included. In what industry are these important organisms included?

Answer 26

Food and dairy.

Question 27

Bacillus (Firmicute)

Answer 27

Firmicute - endospore forming, aerobic , antibiotic, found in soil, catalase positive, natural insectiside

Question 28

Lactobacillus (Firmicute)

Answer 28

Firmicute - dairy cultures, facultative anaerobes/microaerophiles, not endospore-forming, usually rods, but can be coccobacilli forms

Question 29

Streptococcus (Firmicute)

Answer 29

Firmicute - | Facultative anaerobes, form chains and are named for them, many species

Question 30

Staphylococcus(Firmicute)

Answer 30

Firmicute - found in skin, MRSA, forms grape-like clumps on Gram stain

Question 31

Clostridium (Firmicute)

Answer 31

Firmicute - anaerobic , endospore-forming

Question 32

Epulopiscium (Firmicute)

Answer 32

Firmicute - one of the largest in size known bacteria, almost the size of a protozoan, found primarily in intestines of sturgeons

Question 33

Borrelia (Spirochaetes)

Answer 33

Spirochaetes - causes Lyme disease

Question 34

Spirochaetes

Answer 34

spiral-shaped, long thin, flexible, axial filaments, gram-negative

Question 35

Treponema (Spirochaetes)

Answer 35

Spirochaetes - found in the mouth, causes syphilis

Question 36

Mycoplasma (Mollicutes)

Answer 36

Mollicutes - no cell wall, many sterols in lipid layers, pneumonia, a smallest bacterial cell capable of self-replication Mycoplasma pneumonia

Question 37

Chlamydia

Answer 37

* gram negative, coccus shaped, non-motile, obligate intracellular parasites; Sexually Transmitted Disease * Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.

Question 38

What are the Actinobacteria Volume.5?

Answer 38

``` commonly called actinomycetes are aerobic (most), Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content Some have filamentous hyphae which do not normally fragment Some produce asexual spores ```

Question 39

Corynebacterium (Actinobacteria)

Answer 39

(Actinobacteria) - club shaped,lined up together, dipthena Corynebacteria diphtheria: only the lysogens (phages) carry the diphtheria disease toxin Genus: Corynebacterium (bacteria fixes nitrogen)

Question 40

Mycobacterium (Actinobacteria)

Answer 40

(Actinobacteria) - Acid Fast, make mycolic acid in their cell wall, rod-shaped, non-motile, leprosy, and tuberculosis

Question 41

Streptomyces (Actinobacteria)

Answer 41

(Actinobacteria) - filamentous, filamentous colonies are hard; major producer of 50% of our antibiotics, highest G+C content, non-pathogenic

Question 42

Propionibacterium (Actinobacteria)

Answer 42

(Actinobacteria) - anaerobes, produce propionic acid during metabolism which results in the taste of and holes in swiss cheese

Question 43

On the basis of rRNA sequencing, the archeobacteria are divided into two kingdoms

Answer 43

Euryarchaeota | Crenarchaeota

Question 44

What are Euryarchaeota (archeobacteria) and give examples?

Answer 44

archeobacteria: Pseudomurein in their cell walls, ether bonds in their lipids, many found in soil -methanogens - Methanococcus -halobacteria - Halobacterium -thermoplasms - Thermoplasma -thermococci - Thermococcus =sulfate reducers - Archaeoglobales

Question 45

What are Crenarchaeota (archeobacteria) and give examples?

Answer 45

Mostly acidophiles, strict anaerobes Example genus: Sulfolobus

Question 46

What is a genus of Actinobacteria?

Answer 46

Streptomyces