Lec. 18: Domain: Archaea and Bacteria Flashcards
What is the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology used for?
used to identify bacteria
What are examples of the Eubacterial Deep Lineages VOL.1?
Aquifex - gram-,microaerophilic,hyperthermophilic,autotroph, earliest branch of bacterial tree
Deinococcus - appear gram + but are actually gram -, radiation-resistant and desiccation resistant due to hyper-fast repair of DNA.
The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in ___________.
phylogenetic trees
What are the 3 domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
On the basis of tRNA sequencing, the archeobacteria are divided into what 3 multiple major groups (kingdoms?)?
Asgard group;
Euryarchaeota;
Crenarchaeota
Describe the bacteria which branched off from the rest of the bacteria the earliest.
1- Have the ability to survive in harsh environments;
2- May be most similar to the earliest bacterial ancestors
What are examples of Photosynthetic Bacteria VOL.1?
Chlorbi
Chlorflexi
Cyanobacteria
What is the earliest form of photosynthesis that was found in several early lineages of bacteria?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Which form of photosynthesis evolved later in the Cyanobacteria?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
What are examples of Anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Green Sulfur (Chlorbi)- obligate anaerobic, photolitoautotrophs
Example genus: Chlorobium
Green Non-sulfur (Chlorflexi) -photoheterotrophs, don’t fix carbon, dark growth heterotrophs, filamentous, thermophilic, hot spring, a deepest known branch
Example genus: Chloroflexus
What is oxygenic photosynthesis? Give a genus.
cyanobacteria - a largest diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria, precursors to chloroplasts, use chlorophyll A, photoautotrophs, filamentous, unicellular, colonial, many filamentous strains are ABLE TO FIX NITROGEN
Example genus: Anabaena
Which type of bacteria is called the purple bacteria because of their purple photosynthetic bacteria?
Proteobacteria
Describe Proteobacteria
Purple bacteria; gram-negative; largest and most diverse group in eubacteria
In Proteobacteria, how many subgroups are based on 16S rRNA?
5
In Proteobacteria, how are the subgroups designated?
Greek letters
In Proteobacteria, purple photosynthetic bacteria are found in 3 of which 5 sub-groups?
Alpha, Beta, Gamma
In Proteobacteria, the purple photosynthetic bacteria that are found in 3 of which 5 sub-groups suggests that proteobacteria arose from a ___________.
photosynthetic ancestor
α-Proteobacteria
oligotrophic, known as the purple non-sulfur group, photo/chemo heterotrophs, non-motile and are obligate parasites
Example genus: Rickettsia; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
β-Proteobacteria
Non-motile amoeba gram negative cocci; live in the mucus membrane of animals;
diverse anaerobic
Example genus: Neisseria; gonorrhea
γ(gamma)-Proteobacteria
Aerobes and anaerobes, the largest group, aquatic, marine, bio-luminescent; Genera:
Pseudomonas: they use Entner-Doudoroff instead of glycolysis; animal and plant pathogens, greenish color
Vibrio: comma shape, oxidase positive, metabolism via biolumniescence, using enzyme luciferase
Escherichia: Enterobacteria
δ (delta)-Proteobacteria
Myxococcus:
Gram-negative, gliding motility,
fruiting bodies that also produce endospores
Additional genus: Vdellovibrio–Parasitic Gram - bacteria that live as parasites in the periplasmic space of other Gram- bacteria
ε-Proteobacteria
Genus: Helicobacter
Lives in the stomach with a low pH
In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), what type of bacteria is included? Give examples of bacteria that are included?
Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C content,
includes aerobic, anaerobic, facultative
anaerobes and microaerophiles
Genus: Bacillus
In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), variations in ________ structure are useful for identifying _____ groups.
peptidoglycan; specific
In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), does this include endospore-forming bacteria?
Yes
In the Firmicutes (Vol. 3), many pathogens are included. In what industry are these important organisms included?
Food and dairy.
Bacillus (Firmicute)
Firmicute - endospore forming, aerobic , antibiotic, found in soil, catalase positive, natural insectiside
Lactobacillus (Firmicute)
Firmicute - dairy cultures, facultative anaerobes/microaerophiles, not endospore-forming, usually rods, but can be coccobacilli forms
Streptococcus (Firmicute)
Firmicute -
Facultative anaerobes, form chains and are named for them, many species
Staphylococcus(Firmicute)
Firmicute - found in skin, MRSA, forms grape-like clumps on Gram stain
Clostridium (Firmicute)
Firmicute - anaerobic , endospore-forming
Epulopiscium (Firmicute)
Firmicute - one of the largest in size known bacteria, almost the size of a protozoan, found primarily in intestines of sturgeons
Borrelia (Spirochaetes)
Spirochaetes - causes Lyme disease
Spirochaetes
spiral-shaped, long thin, flexible, axial filaments, gram-negative
Treponema (Spirochaetes)
Spirochaetes - found in the mouth, causes syphilis
Mycoplasma (Mollicutes)
Mollicutes - no cell wall, many sterols in lipid layers, pneumonia, a smallest bacterial cell capable of self-replication
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Chlamydia
- gram negative, coccus shaped, non-motile, obligate intracellular parasites; Sexually Transmitted Disease
- Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.
What are the Actinobacteria Volume.5?
commonly called actinomycetes are aerobic (most), Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content Some have filamentous hyphae which do not normally fragment Some produce asexual spores
Corynebacterium (Actinobacteria)
(Actinobacteria) - club shaped,lined up together, dipthena
Corynebacteria diphtheria: only the lysogens (phages) carry the diphtheria disease toxin
Genus: Corynebacterium (bacteria fixes nitrogen)
Mycobacterium (Actinobacteria)
(Actinobacteria) - Acid Fast, make mycolic acid in their cell wall, rod-shaped, non-motile, leprosy, and tuberculosis
Streptomyces (Actinobacteria)
(Actinobacteria) - filamentous, filamentous colonies are hard; major producer of 50% of our antibiotics, highest G+C content, non-pathogenic
Propionibacterium (Actinobacteria)
(Actinobacteria) - anaerobes, produce propionic acid during metabolism which results in the taste of and holes in swiss cheese
On the basis of rRNA sequencing, the
archeobacteria are divided into two
kingdoms
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
What are Euryarchaeota (archeobacteria) and give examples?
archeobacteria: Pseudomurein in their cell walls, ether bonds in their lipids, many found in soil
-methanogens - Methanococcus
-halobacteria - Halobacterium
-thermoplasms - Thermoplasma
-thermococci - Thermococcus
=sulfate reducers - Archaeoglobales
What are Crenarchaeota (archeobacteria) and give examples?
Mostly acidophiles, strict anaerobes
Example genus:
Sulfolobus
What is a genus of Actinobacteria?
Streptomyces
