LEC Flashcards
lec deck
What are the two types of cells
- neurons (nerve cells)
- glial cells
true or false neurons communicate via chemical synaptic transmissions
true
what are the following neuron types:
B1:
B2:
B3:
B1: Unipolar
B2: Bipolar
B3: Multipolar
which neurons are least common
unipolar and bipolar
microglial cell function
scavenger function, example microglial cells will remove debre when the Nervous tissue cuts off blood supply and the cells die, ex stroke pt.
types of the macroglial cells?
- Astrocytes –> CNS
- Oligodendrocytes –> CNS
- Schwann cells –> PNS
what is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
oligodendrocytes :
- attaches to little chunks of multiple cells.
- part of the CNS
schwann cells :
- Attach to one axon one cells
- part of PNS
What is the role of astrocytes?
- supportive cells
- bridge Neuro and Vasculature
- contribute to the bbb
SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION:
neurotransmitters
A. excitatory
B. Inhibition
c. excitation + inhibition
a. Na+ enters
- glutamate : most common
- acetylcholine
- positive AP
b. Cl- enters
- GABA: most common in brain
- Glycine: most common in spinal cord
- negative AP
c. -AP (PG 10)
WHAT are the 7 regions of the brain
- cerebral hemispheres
- diencephalon
- midbrain
- pons
5 cerebellum - medulla
- spinal cord
what are the 5 vesicle stages and what are they known for
- telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres
- diencephalon: thalamus + hypothalamus
- mesencephalon: midbrain
- metencephalon: pons
- myelencephalon: medulla
what are the three main functions of the spinal cord?
- sensory + motor control of the limbs and trunk
- conduit (channel) for ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
- regulation of visceral functions
what are the primary functions of the brain stem (hindbrain + midbrain) ?
- conduit (channel) for ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
- sensory and motor control (brachial plexus) of the head
- integration of info for control of arousal and other higher order brain functions
functions of the cerebellum ?
- Co-ordination of eye and head movements
- Control of posture and balance
- Motor learning
functions of the diencephalon?
thalamus:
- relay info to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus:
- regulate
-ANS (autonomic nervous system)
- of hormones
true or false? ALL sensory info will have a thalamic relay except smell
true no thalamic relay
functions of the frontal lobe?
- planning & production of movement, speech, cognition, and emotions
functions of the parietal lobe?
somatosensory perception of touch, pain and limb position
how to remember: PPPPPPParietal = Pain
functions of the occipital lobe?
- visual perception
functions of the temporal lobe?
visual perception
auditory perception
memory and emotions
functions of the hippocampus?
learning and memory
located in temporal lobe
functions of the amygdala?
emotions and fight/ flight responses
located in temporal lobe
functions of basal ganglia
movement, cognition, and emotions
- motor control
- learning for patterns and sequences
anterior circulation of the CNS
carotid
posterior circulation of the CNS
vertebral arteries
what is the importance of the circle of willis
- distribution of blood is evenly done
- if there is a partial blockage of flow there is compensation and blood can still reach. the brain
it can allow blood flow to continue if major vessel is blocked on one side of the art
what arteries make the circle of willis
- ant cerebral art
- post cerebral art
- internal carotid art
what are the two branches of the middle cerebral art
- superficial (cortical) branches
- deep (lenticulostriate) branches
name the type of stroke:
blockage of blood flow by plaque (embolus) or a blood clot (thrombosis)
ischemic stroke
blockage / blood clot
name the type of stroke:
rupture of a weak blood vessel, usually from small perforating arteries
intracerebral hemorrhage
rupture of blood vessel
name the type of stroke:
- vessel wall weakining then balloon bursts
- rupture of a balloon-like swelling of an arterial wall
Aneurysm
wall weaking –> balloon
the cervical spinal cord is supplied by what?
ant spinal art
post spinal art
radicuar art
the thoracic lumbar and sacral spinal cord is supplied by what?
radicualr art
what is an a name for an important radicular art
Artery of Adamkiewick
midbrain vasculature
post cerebral art
basilar art
pons vasculature
superior cerebellar art (SCA)
Basilar art
AICA (ant in cerebellar art)
upper medulla vasculature
PICA
Vertebral art
Lower medulla vasculature
post spinal art
vertebral art
anterior spinal art
cerebellum vasculature and specific location rostral, middle, caudal
ROSTRAL: SCA
MIDDLE: AICA
CAUDAL: PICA
Why are there white striations seen on the pons
form for the connection of the cerebellum to the brain stem, they are unique to the pons
group 1 and 2 fibres sensory afferents=
large diameter
faster conduction
terminate in deeper layers of dorsal horn
ex)
- mechanoreceptors (touch, proprioception, position)
- pacinian corpuscles
- GTO
- Ruffinis corpuscles
- Messner receptors
- Merkels receptors
group 3 and 4 fibres sensory afferent=
small diameter
slower conduction
terminate in superficial layers of dorsal horn
ex)
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
histamine
DCML transmits
touch, position sense (kinesthesis)
=
large diameter fibres
faster conduction
terminate in deeper layers of dorsal horn
ex)
- mechanoreceptors (touch, proprioception, position)
- pacinian corpuscles
- GTO
- Ruffinis corpuscles
- Messner receptors
- Merkels receptors
anterolateral system transmits
temperature, pain, itch
=
small diameter
slower conduction
terminate in superficial layers of dorsal horn
ex)
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
histamine (itch)
muscle spindles are 1a or 1b?
1a)
- postion sense
- sensitive to stretch
GTO are 1a or 1b?
1b)
- sense of muscle force
(how to remember (tendons are at the end of each muslcle also considered bottom of each muscle, so = 1B)
muscle spindles are part of what tract
DCML
GTO are part of what tract?
DCML
