Chapter 1 Flashcards
Readings
what are the two major classes of Glia?
- Macroglia
- Microglia
what is the role of Microglia?
scavenger
cleans up debris / gets rid of dead cells.
promote tissue repair
destroy invading microorganisms
mediate changes in neuronal properties after NS damage; sometimes maladaptive (not providing adequate or appropriate adjustment to the environment or situation.)
they respond to nervous system infection or damage
what are the roles of Macroglia
- nutritive
- support cells
what Macroglia cells are in CNS and PNS and their functions
CNS:
1. Astrocytes: supportive cells, bridge neuro and vasculature and contribute to the BBB (blood brain barrier)
2. Oligodendrocytes: myelinate multiple cells, it has multiple tenticles attaching to many different types of cells
3. Ependymal cells: line fluid filled cavaties in the CNE
PNS
1. Schwann cells: myelinate one cells in one area
astrocytes in the NS acts as?
scaffolds for growing axons and guides for migrating immature neurons
T or F? many synapses are associated with astrocytes
true.
they are associated in that they may monitor synaptic actions and provide chemical feedback
T or F? Astrocytes contribute to the BBB?
true. which can influence the neuronal firing!
what are the important roles for Ependymal cells?
- Regulating the flow of chemical from fluid filled cavities into the brain.
what is the flow chart for the NS
look at pg 13 of Lec 1 In KIN 301
What are the seven major divisions of the CNS?
- cerebral hemispheres
- diencephalon (thalamus+hypothalamus)
- midbrain (brain stem)
- pons (brain stem)
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord (brain stem)
what is another name for PROSENCEPHALON
FOREBRAIN
what is another name for MESENCEPHALON
MIDBRAIN
what is another name for RHOMBENCEPHALON
HINDBRAIN
what is another name for
TELENCEPHALON
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
what is another name for
DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS + HYPOTHALAMUS
what is another name for
METENCEPHALON
PONS
what is another name for
MYELENCEPHALON
MEDULLA
what are the two flexures
- cervical flexure: medulla level
- cephalic flexure: midbrain level
what are the three general functions of the brain stem?
- receives sensory information from cranial structures and controls
- channel for information flow because ascending sensory and descending motor tracts travel through it
- integrate diverse info via nuclei in brainstem
what are the functions of the diencephalon?
participate in;
- diverse sensory, motor and integrative functions
thalamus: transmit info to cerebral hemispheres.
hypothalamus: controls endocrine hormone release and the overall function of the autonomic nervous system
T or F everyone has a Thalamic Adhesion
false.
T or F? the cerebral hemispheres are the most highly developed portions of the human CNS
true.
what are the structures within the cerebral hemispheres?
- Cerebral cortex
- Hippocampal formation
- Amygdala
- Basal Ganglia
why are these important?
- Hippocampal formation
- Amygdala
- important for learning and memory
- participates in emotions and helps coordinate the body’s response to stressful situations
both are part of the limbic system
the primary auditory cortex lies where?
Superior Temporal Gyrus
where are the primary motor and somatic sensory areas located?
in the Pre and Postcentral Gyri
the primary visual cortex lies where?
in the banks of the calcarine fissure
what are the functions of the frontal lobe
- serves diverse BEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS
- CONTROLS MOVEMENT; direction, speed
- SPEECH articulation (Broca’s area)
- COMPLEX PROCESSING of sensory and other information for higher brain function (emotion, behaviour, thought, language, memory)
what are the functions of the parietal lobe
- mediates perceptions of TOUCH, PAIN, LIMB POSITION (primary somatic sensory cortex)
superior parietal lobe:
- higher order areas (somatic sensory) for further processing
- self image + behaviour
inferior parietal lobe:
- integration of perception and language, math and visuals
what are the functions of the occipital lobe?
- most singular in function, subserving vision
- important for visual processing + elaboration (determining the shapes)
- fusiform gyrus: recognition of faces
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
- memory and emotion
- perception + location of sounds
- speech
what is the corpus Callosum and its role
contains axons that interconnect the cortex on the two sides
tracts that contain these axons are called: Commissures
true or false information between the occipital lobes travels through the Splenium of the corpus callosum whereas other lobes travels through the rostrum
false:
- information between the occipital lobes travels through the Splenium
- other lobes travels through the rostrum, Genu, and Body
what connects each lateral ventricle with the third ventricle?
Interventricular foramen (Monro)
what are the meninges layers?
- dura
- arachnoid
3 pia mater
what are the two dura mater layers?
- periosteal
- meningeal
what does the falx cerebri do??
incompletely seperates the two cerebral hemispheres
what does the Tentorium cerebelli do?
seperates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres
true or false? the arachnoid mater is not tightly bound to the dura mater?
true. thats what allows for the subdural space to exist
what is a subdural hematoma?
a blood clot formed from ruptured blood vessels from the dura mater. blood clot is located in the subdural space
the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called what?
subarachnoid space
neuroanatomical names:
1. ventral (brain)
2. rostral
3. dorsal
4. caudal
- inferior
- anterior
- superior
- posterior
True or False? ventral can be inferior in terms of the brain but anterior in terms of the spinal cord
true
