Lec 16

Question 1

Identify task constraints on the effectiveness of part-whole practice

Answer 1

If the skill doesn’t represent the psychological fidelity (how well behaviours in simulator match those needed for task) and physical fidelity (how environment resembles those of task), then they won’t be as transferrable

Question 2

fractionation

Answer 2

parts of skill are practiced separately e.g. practice different hands on piano

Question 3

segmentation

Answer 3

first part practiced, then add part to skill, add until skill is complete e.g. adding choreography to dance

Question 4

simplification

Answer 4

parts of skill simplified, e.g. lower net or quiet medical setting. Important that simulation match real setting for transferability.

Question 5

Explain how data from the physical guidance literature has
provided evidence to support the Guidance Hypothesis and detail 3
main reasons why physical guidance fails to aid learning

Answer 5

Support:
- encourage engagement
- safe
- show how to do

3 reasons against guidance:
- fails to let person detect failures and learn to correct
- lack of transferability, test conditions are different than practice
- learner becomes dependant on guidance

example, riding with training wheels vs stride bike

Question 6

what is passive guidance in practice

Answer 6

when person is being fully moved through motions (e.g. taking their hand and tracing)

Question 7

what is active guidance in practice

Answer 7

person is being helped through motion but assisting movement (e.g. getting spotted through a backflip)

Question 8

Identify optimal challenge
point/zone, know how this might differ for beginners vs
experts in terms of “functional difficulty”.

Answer 8

performance decreases w/ increased difficulty

Functional difficulty is optimal point where not too easy or hard

optimal challenge zone is the point where optimal performance point is, this will typically mean that in practice there is a slight sacrifice in performance to learn.

Novice performance curve may start to drop earlier than expert

Question 9

Relate ideas of “challenge” to practice conditions
discussed in lectures.

Answer 9

• Increased variability = ^ challenge via cognitive effort
• different conditions, e.g. make windy, or smaller basket
• focus on learning long term, not acquisition

Question 10

4 main characteristics of the challenge
framework and be able to interpret and apply relations between challenge and specificity for learning goals (be able to interpret the challenge/specificity figure).

Answer 10

challenge is:

1. individualized - based on the ind
2. information based - must have some new
   information that makes participant thing and process instead of being able to do things automatically e.g. video game getting harder as a way of stimulation the player
3. Dynamic/changing - must adjust level of challenge in practice as person changes
4. specific - able to transfer to competition