LEC 14

Question 1

define deliberate practice its predictions

Answer 1

Deliberate practice is practice designed to enhance performance.

Assumptions:
- deliberate practice in elite ppl increase gradually with age
- hours of deliberate practice correlate to performance

Question 2

Difference between massed and spaced/distributed practice

Answer 2

massed = practice with little or no rest in short sequence (practice > rest)

spaced = practice spaced out with longer rest intervals (rest > practice)

Question 3

practice distribution (massed vs spaced) effects on performance/learning and why this occurs

Answer 3

with massed, acquisition is faster but retention is worse than spaced.

Because of:

fatigue - not enough rest
cognitive effort - get bored with massed
memory consolidation - rest allows us to process and store info into LTM (long term mem strg)

Question 4

ID findings of Bourne and Archer (1956) experiment

Answer 4

device was used to trace a circle on a screen and try to stay on target. Rest times for diff participants varied from none to 60 seconds, the people with more rest did better even after a longer 5 min rest.

Question 5

discuss relationship between length of retention interval (how long retain), practice over longer time, and total practice time

Answer 5

Spaced is better for retention, you can spend less time practicing total, than massed and still retain better, but sometimes you don’t have time (weeks) to space out and must therefore increase practice time to compensate.

Question 6

practice variability

Answer 6

varying your practice such as shooting free throws at different distances and from different places

Question 7

diff bet variable and constant practice

Answer 7

variable practice changes and make variations of practice

constant practice is practicing the same thing in the same conditions

Question 8

evidence for variable practice

Answer 8

variable practice:
- increases transferability
- increase retention

Because each time you switch tasks, you must process the new situation and select GMP parameters to use. e.g. golf putting from random distances vs doing the same golf shot just becomes muscle memory, but don’t need to line up the shot anymore. This can create more schemas as well.

Question 9

Especial skill

Answer 9

• A variation of a skill where performance is above the predicated performance.
• likely because of more practice of that variation (practice of a variation can make you better at that variation but has poor transferrability
• e.g. can happen that free throw line shot is well above other shots (use linear graph to predict performance)

Question 10

why does schema theory explain variable practice effects and the especial skill exception

Answer 10

• variation in practice (same GMP with different parameters e.g. wind, or distances) enhances schemas so you can
• explains especial skill exception because if you practice a certain variation more, you build more schemas with that variation which then improve performance just for that variation.

Question 11

difference between recall and recognition schema

Answer 11

recall schema - relationship between parameters (rules, weather, etc.) and outcome. E.g. must sink 8 ball without sinking cue ball

recognition schema - sensory consequences and outcome (how it looked and felt, and what happened) e.g. hit felt a little wonky on cue, scratched.