Lec 15 - Rapid disease detection and surveillance Flashcards
What is infectious disease surveillance?
Collecting, analysis and use of infectious disease data to help inform public health
What are the features of infectious disease surveillance - what does it include?
- Large population data
- Includes all factors affecting transmission and progression
- Ongoing
- Systematic for best analysis
- Disseminated appropriately
What is the general process of infectious disease surveillance?
- Track health and burden of disease
- Detect, report and investigate
- Collect, collate and analyse data
- Submit reports
What does infectious disease surveillance need to be?
- Responsive = react quickly
- Opportunistic = wide scope
- Sufficient and skilled staff
- Info disseminated
What roles does infectious disease surveillance play?
- Monitor changes in disease
- Effectiveness and allocation of prevention and control measures
- Identify high risk or target areas
List some team requirements for disease surveillance planning
- Leadership = health department
- Epidemiologists = analyse data for trends
- Clinicians and infectious disease experts = interpret data
- Mathematical modelers = make model of how disease will move
- Economists = money
- Web designers and programmers
- Data analysts
- Diagnostic staff
List factors contributing to how the scope of a surveillance plan in determined
- Area affected = global, local, national etc
- What info to collect
- How to collect and report data
- How to analyse data
- How to disseminate data
- How to track and use data
- How to learn from surveillance for future outbreaks
- How to review and improve plan
Briefly explain the process of the National infectious disease surveillance (NIDS). What is it used for?
Process
1. Patient visit
2. Diagnosis
3. Report by epidemiological investigation
4. KCDC online reporting system
5. Data collection and analysis by KCDC
Purpose = diagnosis of patient to determine how disease arises
Briefly exlain the process of the National health insurance claims-based surveillance (NHICS). What is it used for?
Process
1. Patient visit
2. Medical utilisation
3. Claim with list of services and diagnosis via ICD-10
4. Review for claims
5. Automatic/general/expert review
6. Data collection and distribution
Purpose = diagnosis of patient to determine money needed to care for patient
What information is required for effective surveillance?
- Source of data = research, diagnosis, GPs, vector trapping etc
- Means of data collection = proactive (real-time) vs retrospective (trends over a month)
- Handling of data
- Availability of data
What are the 6 mechanisms of early detection systems for predicting disease emergence?
- Seasonality = respiratory and vector borne
- Global tracing
- Sentinel animals and animal testing = zoonotic
- Vector trapping = arboviruses
- Effectiveness of preventative measures
- Monitoring and controlling food production
What is the role of GPs in disease surveillance?
- First point of contact
- Urban and rural network with local knowledge
- Collect samples for diagnosis
- Require support from experts in other fields
What are the 3 roles of a diagnostic laboratory in disease surveillance?
- Before outbreak = early warnings and unseasonal cases
- During outbreak = response and management, data collection, reports
- In between outbreaks = evaluate trends and control and intervention methods
What are some reasons why diagnostic labs are critica for disease management?
- Diagnosis gold standard
- Expertise
- Digitilise data
- Organised lab network
- Early detection
- Cooperate with clinicians for follow-ups
- Extensive sample collection
- Regional, rural, urban branches
What is the role of specialised research facilities in disease surveillance?
- Provide facilities, expertise and equipment not in diagnostic labs esp for sequencing
- Dedicated research teams
- Expertise
- Sample collection
- Ethics
